【作者】 刘辉；

【导师】 彭善国；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 考古学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 陶瓷枕的发明,与我国陶瓷制作工艺的不断发展息息相关。陶瓷枕的出现,是我国悠久枕物习俗与深厚陶瓷文化之结晶。陶瓷枕历经唐五代的发展,至宋元达到繁盛,明清则几近衰微。在漫长的历史长河中,宋元时期是陶瓷枕由弱到兴、再由盛至衰的重要发展阶段。本文以出土材料为基础,对宋元陶瓷枕进行了较为全面的考古学研究。第一章为绪论。本章首先简述了我国枕物习俗和枕具出现的大概历程,并将我国枕具大致分为硬质和软质两大类,其中陶瓷枕属于考古发现数量最多、时间跨度最长的枕具,兼具硬质枕易于保存和软质枕可塑性强的优点。继而阐明了本文的选题缘由和相关概念,并对宋元陶瓷枕的研究简史进行了梳理。在此基础上,明确了本文的研究方法、学术目的和文章框架。第二章为类型与编年研究。本章首先将宋元陶瓷枕分为高温釉和低温釉两大类,继而在各种釉色品种下进行分型。其中,高温釉包括白、青、青白和黑等釉色,低温釉则分为单色釉和多色釉等。每个釉色品种之下,又根据枕面正投影形状和枕体的异同分为诸型,再依据枕面和枕体的组合关系、装饰的差异,另进行亚型和式别的划分。在类型学框架之下,以考古出土材料为基础,通过对陶瓷枕本体及其伴出遗存广泛、细致地对比,分析不同类型陶瓷枕的年代,进而建立了宋元陶瓷枕的编年序列。第三章为窑场分布与产品特点研究。本章以宋元陶瓷枕的类型学研究成果为基础,结合地缘关系等,将宋元时期烧造陶瓷枕的窑场分为北方和南方两大地区。北方地区又分为七个区域,南方地区则包括四个区域。在此体系之下,对每个窑场的陶瓷枕类型、产品特点进行了考证、分析和总结。第四章为发展与演变研究。本章在第二、三章的基础上,将北方地区陶瓷枕分为五期八段,南方地区则包括四期六段,并对北方、南方地区各期陶瓷枕的类型、装饰和产地等进行了总结,重点分析了每期的变化。继而将宋元陶瓷枕的总体发展与演变分为早中晚三期,即发展阶段(10世纪60年代至11世纪上半叶)、繁盛阶段(11世纪下半叶至13世纪上半叶)和式微阶段(13世纪下半叶至14世纪60年代)。第五章为相关问题研究。第一节对宋元陶瓷枕的成型和装烧工艺进行了研究,将成型工艺分为雕镶、模范和复合成型三大类,装烧工艺则以匣钵正烧和匣钵叠烧为主。第二节对宋元陶瓷枕的功能和用途进行了探讨,将其分为生活用枕和丧葬用枕两大类。生活用枕包括睡枕、脉枕和腕枕等功用,并重点探讨和明晰了脉枕和腕枕这两个一直以来颇具争议的功能;还分析了宋元陶瓷枕的使用时间、人群等。第三节对宋元陶瓷枕所见题字进行了分类总结,将其分为纪年类、姓氏名号类、诗词曲赋类、名言警句类和良言吉语类,主要考证了生产经营者姓氏名号类题字中窑戳出现的大致时间,并就其所体现的民窑生产模式进行了一些讨论。第四节对宋元陶瓷枕的源流问题进行了追溯和探析,以往学界多认为我国陶瓷枕出现于隋代,然就本文收集考古材料来看,陶枕至迟在战国秦汉时期就已存在;该节还初步分析了宋元陶瓷枕由盛转衰,甚至在明代趋于销声匿迹的原因。第六章为结语。本章重点总结了本文的内容及主要收获,并指出本文存在的问题和以后的研究方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 The invention of ceramic pillow is closely related to the continuous development of ceramic manufacturing technology in China.The emergence of ceramic pillow is the crystallization of our country’s use pillow custom and deep ceramic culture.After the development of Tang and Five Dynasties,ceramic pillows flourished in Song and Yuan Dynasties and declined in Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the long history,Song and Yuan Dynasty is an important development stage of ceramic pillow from small to large,and then from prosperity to decline.Based on the unearthed materials,this paper makes a comprehensive archaeological study of Song and Yuan ceramic pillows.The first chapter is the introduction.First of all,this chapter outlines the development of Pillow Custom and pillows in China.It introduces that pillows in China mainly include hard pillows and soft pillows.Ceramic pillows are the pillows with the largest number of archaeological discoveries and the longest span of the times.They also have the advantages of easy preservation of hard pillows and strong plasticity of soft pillows.Then it elaborates the reasons for choosing this topic and the definition of related concepts,and combs the research history of Song and Yuan Ceramic Pillows.On this basis,it clarifies the research methods,academic purposes and article framework.The second chapter is about the type and chronology.This chapter first divides the Song and Yuan Dynasty ceramic pillow into two categories: high-temperature glaze and low-temperature glaze,and then classifies them under various glaze colors.Among them,high temperature glaze includes white,cyan,bluish white and black glaze,low temperature glaze is divided into monochrome glaze and Colourful glaze.Under the framework of typology,based on the archaeological materials,through extensive and meticulous comparison of the ceramic pillow body and its associated relics,the chronological sequence of ceramic pillows in the Song and Yuan Dynasties was established.The third chapter is about the distribution of ceramic kilns and the characteristics of products.Based on the typological research results of ceramic pillows in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and combined with geographic relationships,this chapter divides the ceramic kilns that fired ceramic pillows in the Song and Yuan Dynasties into two regions: the north and the south.The northern region is divided into seven regions,and the southern region includes four regions.Under this system,the types of ceramic pillows and product characteristics of each kiln are studied,analyzed and summarized.chapter four is divides ceramic pillows into different periods.On the basis of the second andthird chapters,this chapter divides the ceramic pillows in the northern region into five periods and eight segments,while the southern region includes four periods and six segments.Under this stage system,the types,decoration and origin of ceramic pillows in the northern and southern regions were summarized,and the changes in each stage were analyzed.The development and evolution of Song and Yuan ceramics pillow can be divided into three stages as a whole:the development stage(1960s to the first half of the 11 th century),the flourishing stage(the second half of the 11 th century to the first half of the 13 th century)and the declining stage(the second half of the 13 th century to the 16 th century).The fifth chapter is about related issues.In the first section of this chapter,the forming and firing process of Song and Yuan ceramic pillows are studied.The forming process is divided into three categories: carving and inlaying,model and composite forming.The firing process mainly consists of sintering and stacking of sagger.In the second section,the functions and uses of Song and Yuan ceramics pillows are discussed,which are divided into two categories: life pillow and funeral pillow.Life pillow includes sleeping pillow,pulse pillow and wrist pillow.The two controversial functions of pulse pillow and wrist pillow are emphatically discussed and affirmed.The use time and crowd of the ceramic pillow in Song and Yuan Dynasty were also analyzed.The third section classifies and summarizes the inscriptions of Song and Yuan Dynasty ceramic pillows,and classifies them into chronological categories,name categories,poems and songs categories,famous words and aphorisms,and good words and auspicious language categories.It examines the appearance time of kiln stamps in the inscriptions of producers and operators’ names,and discusses the production mode of folk kilns embodied in the inscriptions.The fourth section traces back and explores the origin of Song and Yuan ceramic pillows.In the past,many scholars believed that China’s ceramic pillows appeared in the Sui Dynasty.However,according to the collection of archaeological materials,ceramic pillows existed in the Warring States Period,Qin and Han Dynasties at the latest.This section also analyzed the reasons why the Song and Yuan ceramic pillows turned from prosperity to decline,and even tended to disappear in the Ming Dynasty.The concluding part mainly summarizes the content and main harvest of this paper,and summarizes the existing problems and future research directions.更多还原