【作者】 汤毅；

【导师】 王建伟；

【作者基本信息】 长安大学 ， 交通运输规划与管理， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 移动互联网的高速发展出现了大量物流组织模式创新,例如共享物流、电商物流平台。与此同时,移动互联网背景下出现了一大批物流联盟、虚拟物流和物流集群等大型物流组织,物流行业集中化趋势明显。新环境下的物流组织创新现象引起了学术界的浓厚兴趣和广泛关注。现有研究普遍从概念、性质、关系等静态视角分析成功案例的现象、组织特征,关注的重点在于―成功的创新是什么‖,而对于这种模式的创新为什么能成功,未来物流组织创新的方向是什么,该类型创新应用的前提、条件、影响因素和局限性是什么,相关的研究还较少关注。本文构建了产品种类扩大的多样化模型和质量提升的迂回生产模型,阐释了组织创新得以实现的激励和协调机制。基于移动互联网和物流组织的特点,从物流组织创新的过程、所有权结构合理配置的激励和协调机制入手,论文研究了移动互联网环境下物流组织的创新过程、组织创新的治理机制和未来物流组织形态。分析表明:(1)物流组织模式创新的决定性因素是不同阶段组织相对交易成本的差异性。实际交易成本与交易成本可承受范围之间的比较决定了专业化物流组织是否具有“经济上的适当性”。物流组织只有超过最小的规模经济、最低的种类范围时,在维持“可接受成本”的基础上才可能提供更多种类的专业化物流服务。固定学习成本、消费者偏好和技术水平决定了是否产生迂回经济的组织创新模式。移动互联网环境下物流外部环境和内部条件发生了改变,物流组织在满足物流消费多样化和提供迂回生产物流产品的过程中实现组织创新。需求多样化意味着未来的物流组织将更侧重于特定领域,发展差异化的物流需求组合。同时,移动互联网技术通过物流智能化和强化物流产业与环境的联系提高了固定成本,通过技术创新扩大了物流市场范围,从而实现了专业化的物流组织模式。在移动互联网环境下,多样化的物流需求和广阔的物流市场范围提高了物流产业的迂回生产程度,创造了庞大而完整的物流产业体系。物流组织的演化方向将由垄断演变为物流组织间高度密切合作、跨组织大规模协作生产,即迂回生产的专业化分工模式。(2)行业特征和组织环境变化引致激励和协调机制变化,激励和协调机制变化决定了组织行为和组织结构的变化。通过设计合理的组织结构,组织采取监督或产权安排等激励机制,防范非生产性行为产生的内生交易成本和不完全契约下的外生交易成本。激励模型采用风险溢价的方式探讨交易成本和激励的关系,阐释事前产权和事后授权的激励方式,分析组织创新过程中的最优所有权结构。从知识分享的角度分析,组织与环境发生作用的过程中,拥有知识的组织成员之间在所有权控制、利益分配上相互博弈形成了与之相适应的组织结构。知识分享过程的障碍决定了知识的不对称程度,而知识不对称程度是组织结构的决定性因素之一。物流系统面临的环境不确定性程度及组织过程中的知识类型存在差别,采用相适应的激励和协调机制可有效降低物流组织的交易成本,实现物流组织的创新。由激励模型和协调机制分析移动互联网环境下物流创新的治理机制可知,专业化分工的组织模式有效利用了分散的知识,移动互联网技术的发展为专业化分工模式下知识的连接提供了技术支撑。移动互联网环境下的物流组织创新呈现出集中化和扁平化的特点,集中化体现为物流组织间高水平的授权关系,扁平化表现为物流组织内分权的产权结构。物流组织由产权治理转变为关系治理。(3)未来的物流组织形态调节和维护组织边界的控制方式将由垄断及其它人为控制方式转变为程序自动执行的非人为控制方式。物流组织达到高度垄断阶段时,利益分配中的人为控制因素成为组织不稳定的根源。伴随着垄断组织的崩溃和信息技术的进步,未来物流组织的专业化分工和利益分配将转变为由程度执行规则的非人为控制方式。区块链理论应用的发展是未来物流产业组织形态的典型表现形式之一。未来物流组织通过网络外部性的内在化过程实现了最优的所有权结构。区块链技术通过去中心化软件协议实现物流组织间分工和利益分配的自动触发,物流网络的创造者和参与者共同拥有网络的所有权,形成了物流资源网络外部性的内在化。共同拥有网络所有权的未来物流组织结构属于分散的产权结构关系,去中心化的物流网络是基于专业化知识分工的高水平的授权关系。区块链和物联网技术系统是未来物流组织同环境进行联系的中介。物联网通过智能识别和传感获取环境信息,区块链技术在该信息的基础上通过智能合约进行自动化分工和利益分配,自动触发物流组织的生产活动。去中心化的物流组织形态将物流融入人们的生活空间,形成“无处不在、无时不在又不可见”的透明物流环境。综上所述,本研究目的在于为物流组织在移动互联网环境下的创新提供一个逻辑自洽的分析框架,根本在于探索移动互联网环境下物流组织实现创新的基本路径和发展方向。对于新环境下物流组织的发展问题,我们首先要充分分析在不确定环境下物流组织的个人行为、行业特征和组织环境,然后选择合适的创新路径、激励和协调机制,我们才能跨越―低端锁定‖,最终实现新环境下物流组织的创新和可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of mobile Internet,a large number of logistics organization models have been innovating,such as sharing logistics and e-commerce logistics platform.Meanwhile,a large number of large-scale logistics organizations have emerged under the background of mobile Internet.Its main form is logistics alliance,virtual logistics and logistics cluster as the form of large logistics organization.The trend of centralization of the logistics industry is obvious.The phenomenon of organizational innovation in the new environment has aroused great interest and widespread concern in the academic circle.The existing studies generally analyze the phenomena and organizational characteristics of successful cases from the static perspective of concepts and relations.The key issue is what "successful innovation is".However,why do we need to innovate this mode?What is the direction of the future logistics organization innovation? What are the prerequisites,conditions,influence factors and limitations of this type of innovation? We still know little about it.This paper constructs diversified models of product expansion and roundabout production models of quality improvement.At the same time,it explains the incentive and coordination mechanism to achieve organizational innovation.Based on the characteristics of mobile Internet and logistics organization,it explains the innovation process,the governance mechanism and the future logistics organization form of the logistics organization in the mobile Internet environment by using the theory.The theoretical conclusions are as follows:(1)The decisive factor of organizational innovation is the difference of relative transaction cost between organizations at different stages.The comparison between the actual transaction cost and the affordability of transaction cost determines whether the specialized logistics organization has "economic appropriateness".Only when the logistics organization exceeds the minimum scale of scale economy and the lowest category,it is possible to provide more types of professional logistics services on the basis of maintaining the "acceptable cost".Fixed learning cost,consumer preferences and technological level determine whether the organizational innovation mode of roundabout economy is generated.The external environment and internal conditions have changed under the mobile Internet environment.Logistics organizations achieve organizational innovation in the process of meeting diversified logistics consumption and providing roundabout production logistics products.Diversification of demand means that future logistics organizations will focus more on specific areas and develop differentiated logistics demand combinations.Meanwhile,mobile Internet technology improves the fixed cost by intelligentization of logistics and strengthening the link between logistics industry and environment.Through technological innovation,the scope of the logistics market has been expanded,and the specialized logistics organization mode has been realized.In the mobile Internet environment,the diversified logistics demand and the wide logistics market range have raised the roundabout production degree of the logistics industry,and created a large and complete logistics industry system.The evolution direction of logistics organization will evolve from monopolization to highly close cooperation and cross organization mass collaboration production among logistics organizations.(2)Changes in industry characteristics and organizational environment lead to changes in incentives and coordination.Incentives and coordinated changes determine organizational behavior and organizational structure.The incentive model explores the relationship between transaction cost and incentive,interprets the incentive methods of pre event property rights and ex post authorization,and analyzes the optimal ownership structure in the process of organizational innovation.From the perspective of knowledge sharing,the organization members of the organization who possess knowledge play an adaptive organization in the game of ownership control and distribution of interests.The obstacle of knowledge sharing determines the degree of knowledge asymmetry,and the degree of knowledge asymmetry is one of the decisive factors of organizational structure.Based on the degree of uncertainty of the environment and the difference of knowledge type,the adoption of the incentive and coordination mechanism can effectively reduce the transaction cost of the logistics organization,and realize the innovation of the logistics organization.Analyzing the governance mechanism of Logistics Innovation under the mobile Internet environment,we can see that the specialized division of labor organization mode utilizes dispersed knowledge.The development of mobile Internet technology provides technical support for the connection of knowledge under the mode of specialization.The innovation of logistics organization under the mobile Internet environment shows the characteristics of centralization and flattening.Centralization is a high-level authorization relationship among logistics organizations.Flattening is the property right structure of decentralization in logistics organization.Logistics organization is transformed from property right governance to relational governance.(3)The control mode of future logistics organization boundary will be changed from monopoly to control mode.In the highly monopolized stage,the human control factors in the interest distribution become the root of the instability of the logistics organization.With the collapse of monopoly organizations and the progress of information technology,the professional division of labor and the distribution of interests in the future logistics organization will be changed into the way of implementing the rules.The application of block chain theory shows the rudiment of future logistics organization.Through the block chain technology,centralization of software protocol,logistics organization completes the automatic triggering of Inter Organizational division of labor and profit distribution.The creator and participants of the logistics network share the ownership of the network and form the internalization of the externality of the logistics resource network.The logistics organization structure belongs to the decentralized property right structure relationship.Decentralized logistics network is a high-level authorization relationship based on specialized knowledge division.The Internet of things can obtain environmental information by intelligent recognition and sensing.Block chain technology automatically divides and distributies the benefits through intelligent contracts on the basis of this information,which automatically triggers the production activities of logistics organizations.The decentralized organization of logistics will integrate logistics into people’s living space and form a transparent logistics environment that is everywhere,always and not visible.To sum up,the purpose of this study is to provide a logical and consistent framework for logistics organization innovation in the mobile Internet environment.The basic research of this paper is to explore the basic path and direction to realize the innovation of the logistics organization in the mobile Internet environment.For the development of logistics organization in the new environment,we first need to fully analyze the individual behavior,industry characteristics and organizational environment of logistics organization under uncertain environment.Then,choose the appropriate innovation path,incentive and coordination mechanism.Finally,we can cross the "low end lock" and realize the innovation and sustainable development of the logistics organization under the new environment.更多还原