【作者】 孙磊；

【导师】 张培富；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 科学技术史， 2018， 博士

【副题名】基于科学职业伦理视角的分析

【摘要】 在20世纪上半叶的中国,中华自然科学社是历时较长、影响较大的综合性科学社团。1927年9月,中央大学理工科大学生秉持在中国发展与应用科学的理念,在校内结社,组建了中华自然科学社。到20世纪30年代初,社员相继成长为职业科学工作者,在1931年“九·一八”事变后国内科学界的科学救国思潮影响下,他们从科学职业身份出发认识到自身的科学救国责任,总结晚清以来科学在中国的发展历程,认为科学在中国发展缓慢的症结在于科学没有得到广泛社会应用,于是将普及科学视同应用科学的有效途径,从1932年开始,直至1937年,编行科普刊物《科学世界》,致力于科学的大众化,以促进科学在中国的应用,并确立社务活动宗旨为在中国发展与普及科学,推动社团演变为以国内职业科学工作者为主体的综合性科学社团。抗战爆发后,迁移至大后方的社员于1938年在重庆中央大学重建总社,恢复了社务活动,在当时科学工作者群思以科学贡献于抗战建国事业的社会思潮中,继续开展以《科学世界》为中心的科学普及活动直至抗战结束;同时在1942—1945年,面向英美科学界发行综合性英文科学刊物《中国科学通讯》,展开战时中外科学交流,以发展中国科学。抗战结束后,总社在1946年夏迁回南京中央大学旧址,恢复了在国内的社务活动,从1947年到1949年,持续编行《科学世界》,令刊物成为民国时期发行时间最长的科普期刊;还创办了用于对外科学交流的综合性英文刊物《中国科学与建设》,作为《中国科学通讯》的延续。战后时期的中华自然科学社在国内科学界具有较大影响力,首先是规模显著,到1947年底,社员总数达到2000人以上,分布于自然科学、医药卫生、工业技术与农业科学等民国科学各领域。其次是与中国科学社发挥同等影响力,在1946年时与中国科学社合组中国科学促进会;1947年时与中国科学社合作,联合其他专门性科学学会,举办七科学团体联合年会;1949年时与中国科学社、中国科学工作者协会、东北自然科学研究会一道,联合发起组织中华全国自然科学工作者代表大会筹备会。新中国建立后,发展与普及科学成为政府职能,中华自然科学社的社务活动渐趋停顿,在1951年3月底结束社务,完成发展与普及科学的历史使命。上述发展历程与主要社务活动表明,在民国科学史上,中华自然科学社发展与普及科学的社务宗旨与实践得到国内科学界认同,并因此发展成为与中国科学社齐名的综合性科学社团。本文认为,这一科学社会史现象具有深刻的研究意蕴,反映民国科学界对于科学职业伦理形成认知的过程。具体来说,科学职业伦理是以科学职业理念为前提的。科学职业理念以发挥科学知识的工具性专长为内涵,在科学知识与科学知识的实践之间建立起维系理论与实践的结构性联系,形成将科学研究的理性化模式转化为社会发展的理性化目标的职业目的。由于令社会理性化本身意谓构建理性这一现代社会道德,所以这一职业目的旨在表达科学职业具有符合现代社会的理性化道德的价值取向,而这是通过生成有效运用科学知识要以理性为价值取向的制度性规范来实现的,表现为建立起有关科学职业的道德准则,也就是以理性为价值取向,从科学职业的理性目的与社会目的出发,构建有效运用科学知识的制度性规范,这就是本质上是制度伦理的科学职业伦理的内涵。返视中华自然科学社社史,发展与普及科学正是科学职业理念的体现,因为发展科学旨在增进科学知识,普及科学则旨在应用科学知识指导实践,也就是发挥科学知识的工具性专长,所以作为由多门学科科学工作者组成的综合性科学社团,中华自然科学社维系不同学科的科学工作者于社内的理念正是科学职业理念,成为民国科学界有效运用科学知识的社会建制。深入来看,科学职业理念的根本目的在于实现社会理性化目标,令中华自然科学社成为运行具有理性化意义的公共事务的社会建制,从学理上来说是一种公共领域建制,承载的是科学职业具有符合现代社会的理性化道德的价值取向,表征民国科学界对于科学职业伦理的认识。本文因此以科学职业伦理作为研究视角,分章设节,对于中华自然科学社社史进行一番科学社会史考察。第一章阐述1927—1937年期间,中华自然科学社以公共领域建制为方向的体制化历程,以及这一体制化方向带动作为科学职业伦理形成之前提的责任伦理的兴起过程,指出社团的成立是科学职业理念中国化的产物,表现为民国时期,以发挥科学知识的工具性专长来造就物质文明的现代性理念形成,在当时的中国社会蕴育出科学职业理念,这是中华自然科学社缘起的结社理念,使得基于科学职业的业缘性社会关系开始在社务活动中形成,表现为民国科学界关于科学家的社会角色意识主导下,社员以作为业缘性社会关系运行方式的专业性的程序化合作模式开展社务活动,根据科学救国的时代需要,从1932年开始探索出以科学大众化为方向的社务活动途径,这就是通过出版通俗性科学刊物《科学世界》来普及科学于国内民众,形成作为专业性的程序化合作模式的科学普及规范。由于科学普及规范遵循的是发挥科学职业的令社会理性化功能路径,所以发挥科学知识的工具性专长成为一种具有理性化意蕴的社会公共事务,从而生成中华自然科学社的公共领域建制属性,以运行理性化的社会公共事务为社务活动实质,所以社团的体制化建设旨在维系科学职业的联系理论与实践的结构,规制社员探索科学知识的有效运用途径,走向从科学研究出发开展科学普及的社务实践。由于科学研究是社员的本职工作,这体现出科学职业的令社会理性化的责任伦理在社员理念中的兴起。第二章论述1938—1941年期间责任伦理的应用科学学科规训化实践情形。这一情形所体现的社史史实是,抗战爆发后位于大后方的中华自然科学社社员意识到,从抗战建国时代要求的抗战意向出发,大后方科学界根据科学职业理念形成自身的社会责任认识,认为应该从事应用科学研究以实现科学知识的战时应用,因此社员的社务活动也应转到这一方向上来。为此总社以应用科学为评价标准来展开科学普及,先是遵循面向发展生产力开展科学研究的应用科学学科规训,展开应用科学方向的科技布局,为社员有效运用科学知识提供必要的科技布局;在之前形成的从科学研究出发开展科学普及的责任伦理意识的作用下,从1939年起将应用科学学科规训转化为科学普及原则,在到1941年为止的《科学世界》编辑过程中,形成以应用科学学科知识的生产作为科普主题的局面,表现出责任伦理在实践过程中走向学科规训化途径。第三章论述1942—1945年期间责任伦理的基础科学学科规训化实践情形。当时总社通过向社员集稿,发行面向英美科学界的综合性英文科学刊物《中国科学通讯》,反映出当时社员主要集中在基础科学方面开展科学研究,构建出基础科学科技布局。当抗战建国时代要求由抗战意向转向建国意向之时,中华自然科学社社员也随之共同认识到要通过科学普及提振大后方基础科学教育,以发展面向建国意向的基础科学研究。在责任伦理的学科规训化实践影响之下,社员从基础科学研究出发开展科学普及,形成了基础科学学科规训对于科学普及方向的规划,走向责任伦理的基础科学学科规训化实践途径。第四章以责任伦理的学科规训制度化实践与科学职业伦理的理念表达为题,论述在1946—1949年期间,社员意识到科学建国时代要求需要建立面向生产力的科学创新局面,以使得中国科学发展预及到世界科学创新趋势,于是开展从基础科学到应用科学的科学创新研究情形。在社务实践中,社员一方面通过用于对外科学交流的综合性英文科学刊物《中国科学与建设》,促进中国科学界的科学创新研究经由专业交流得到确证;另一方面通过《科学世界》向国内社会普及世界科学创新情形,包括国内科学创新研究。对于科学创新研究而言,这两种社务活动发挥的是获取科学新知并予以传播的功能,在学理上来说建立起一种面向科学创新的科学新知流动局面,以从科学研究出发开展科学普及的责任伦理作为维系机制,为作为责任伦理实践路径的学科规训提供制度化安排。正是学科规训制度的建立使得责任伦理演变为科学职业伦理,因为这建立起支撑科学研究的科学学科规训面向生产力转化的常态化局面,根据科学创新规律,要求国内科学界对于学科规训作用于发展生产力的利他性予以阐释,使得社会信任科学创新符合社会大众利益;表现为经由《科学世界》,科学职业的理性目的与保障理性目的实现的社会目的得到国内科学界阐释,使得社会大众认识到科学创新符合现代社会理性化价值取向。这在学理上反映的是国内科学界对于科学职业伦理的理念表达。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the period of the first half of 20th century at China,Natural Science Society of China was a comprehensive scientists’society with long history and enormous influence.In September of the year of 1927,in the direction of developing and applying science in China,several university students studying science and engineering in Central University conducted a kind of activity of forming an association,and the outcome was that Natural Science Society of China had been organized.At the time of the 1930s of 20th century,the members of the society had become professional scientists who conducted the activity of scientific research.In the influence of the trend of thoughts about saving China through science developed by domestic scientists’sphere after the September 18~thh Incident,they were convinced of the fact that popularizing science was as same as applying science in the respect of effect,so they leaded the society to turn to a new comprehensive scientists’society in which the members mostly were professional scientists in China,and set the purpose of the activity of the society was to develop and popularize science in China.From the year of 1932 to the year of1937,Natural Science Society of China edited and published a kind of journal for popularizing science naming Science World,and the aim was to make science was comprehended by Chinese people through the route of popularizing science,which was to make the scientific knowledge to put into practice,and established the purpose of social activities which was developing and popularizing science in China.After the burst of Anti-Japanese War,the general headquarters of the society removed to the campus of Central University in the city of Chongqing from the campus of Central University in the city of Nanjing which previously was the general headquarters of the society in 1938.In the period,under the influence of social thoughts in which the main content was that the scientists in the area under KMT rule during the period of Anti-Japanese War should contribute science to the establishment of anti-Japanese war,the general headquarters of the society leaded the members in the area under KMT rule to continue to conduct the activity of popularizing science through Science World,and a kind of activity of exchanging science with foreign scientists between the year of 1942 to the year of 1945,in which the main content was that the society published comprehensive English journal naming Acta Brevia Sinensia for broadcasting scientific achievement from Chinese scientists in the area under KMT rule to British and American scientific community,for developing science in China.After the Anti-Japanese War,when the general headquarters rehabilitated in the campus of Central University in Nanjing in1946,from the year of 1947 to the year of 1949,the head quarters continued to edit and publish Science World,and Science and technology in China,which was the new form of Acta Brevia Sinensia for scientific exchange between domestic scientific community and foreign scientific community.At that time,Natural Science Society become the comprehensive scientists’society of enormous influence in the scientific community.First of all,its scale is significant,in the end of 1947,the total amount of members had run up to 2000,and the total amount of categories of discipline of these members as scientists had included natural science、medical science、industrial technology and agricultural science,which actually were the all categories of discipline in the period of The Republic of China.Secondly,Natural Science Society of China started to develop influence as same as Science Society of China’s.The situation was of several aspects:First,in the year of1946,Natural Science Society of China and Science Society of China cooperated to form a new scientific society naming Society for Prompting Science in China.Second,in the year of 1947,Natural Science Society and Science Society of China cooperated and untied other scientific society for professional exchange to organize a annual meeting for domestic scientific community naming United Annual Meeting of Seven Scientific Societies.Third,in the year of 1949,Natural Science Society、Science Society of China、China Association of Scientific Workers and Association for Natural Science Researching in North-east Area cooperated to organize the Preparatory Meeting for Representative Conference of Natural scientific Workers In China.After the foundation of the People’s Republic of China,the government started to conduct the activities of developing and popularizing science,so the activities of Natural Science Society of China had been tending to pause,and finally in the time of end of March in 1951,finished the mission of developing and popularizing science.The developing course and main activities of Natural Science Society indicated that in the stage of the Republic of China in the time of Chinese scientific history in 20th century,the purpose of developing and popularizing science and corresponding practice had been commonly approved by domestic scientific community,and the society could develop to a comprehensive scientists’society with the fame as same as Science Society of China.The article’s author’view of point is that the social history of science has deep implication for researching,because it in fact indicates that the history of domestic scientific community in Republic of China formed the cognition of scientific professional ethics.Specifically,scientific professional ethics is based on the premise of the idea of scientific career.As the idea of scientific career takes the instrumental specialty of scientific knowledge as its connotation,it is necessary to establish the structural connection between theory and practice in the practice of scientific knowledge and scientific knowledge so as to form a career goal of transforming the rationalization model of scientific research into the rationalized goal of social development.This has become the concept of association formed by a comprehensive scientists’society of scientific disciplines of many disciplines and has made the comprehensive scientists’society of the Republic of China a marginal social group around the concept of scientific career.This enables the social activities of the comprehensive scientists’society in the Republic of Korea to be guided by the concept of scientific career and to use the instrumental expertise of scientific knowledge as the tenet of social activities.This means that the comprehensive scientists’society of the Republic of Korea became the organized social environment for the scientific community to make effective use of scientific knowledge at that time.In a deeper sense,the fundamental purpose of the concept of scientific career is to achieve the goal of social rationality,making the instrumental expertise of scientific knowledge become a public affairs with social-rational significance.In the Republican society,the comprehensive scientists’society of the Republic of China was made into a system of public sphere for running rationalized public affairs.Because social rationalization itself means in modern society to build a modern social morality.Therefore,for the Republic of China scientific community to effectively use scientific knowledge to express the scientific concept of occupational activities,as an organization of the operating environment,a comprehensive scientists’society has become a venue.It is designed to express the value orientation of the science profession in line with the moral morals of modern society.This is achieved by generating institutional norms that rationalize the use of scientific knowledge as its value orientation.It manifests itself in the establishment of a code of ethics relating to the science profession,that is taking rational as its value orientation.It regulates the practical direction of the scientific career philosophy that sustains the practice of scientific knowledge and scientific knowledge and forms the institutional norms for the effective use of scientific knowledge for the scientific and social purposes of the scientific profession,representing the formation of scientific professional ethics in the science of Republic of China.Among the comprehensive science societies in the Republic of China,the China National Science Council is one of four comprehensive and long-standing scientific societies that have a long history.It is dominated by professional scientists who are well-known for scientific research in the scientific community of the Republic of China.During1932-1949,scientific popularization continued as a major activity in the scientific community in the Republic of China for the effective use of scientific knowledge.It is a representative and comprehensive scientists’society embodying the activities of the Republic of China scientific community through scientific career philosophy.Therefore,this thesis selects the social history of China Nature Science Society during the Republic of China(1927-1949)as the research center,conducts the related scientific social history investigation and forms the research content of this thesis.This is illustrated by the topics in the chapters of this essay.The first chapter elaborates the institutionalized process of establishing the public Sphere in the period of 1927-1937 and the rise of the ethics of responsibility as a precondition for the formation of scientific professional ethics.It points out that the establishment of the society is a product of the scientific concept of Chinese occupation.It shows that in the period of the Republic of China,the concept of modernity of material civilization was formed with the instrumental expertise of scientific knowledge and at that time and the scientific concept of occupation was found in Chinese society.This is the reason why China’s natural science association has the concept of association.This has led to the formation of karma-related social relations based on scientific occupations in their social activities.It is manifested in the fact that under the guidance of the scientific community of the Republic of China,which embodies the concept of scientific occupation,and under the consciousness of the social role of scientists,members carry out their social activities in a professional and procedural cooperation mode,which is a mode of operation of marginalized social relations.And according to the need of the era of saving the nation by science,they started from 1932 to explore ways of social activities directed by the popularization of science.This is to popularize science in the domestic populace through the publication of the popular science journal Science World and form a science popularization norm as a professional procedural cooperation model.Since the science popularization norms follow the path of social rationalization that gives full play to the scientific profession,the instrumental expertise of scientific knowledge becomes a kind of social public affairs with rational meaning,which in turn generates the natural sciences in China’s public Sphere establishment properties.Its operation of rationalized social and public affairs is the essence of its social activities.The manifestation is that the institutionalization of the society is a structure that aims to maintain the connection theory and practice of the science profession.This further regulates the members in the social activities to explore the effective use of scientific knowledge and proceed from the scientific research of science popularization of social practice.Since scientific research is a member’s own job,it reflects the rise of the scientific ethics of social rationalization in the social philosophy of members.The second chapter discusses the disciplinary practice of the application of science ethics in the period 1938—1941.The fact of social history embodied in this situation is that after the outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan,members of the China Science and Technology Society at the rear of the Great Consciousness realized that since the war of resistance against Japan was founded,the scientific community in the greater rear developed its own social responsibility according to the scientific concept of occupation understanding.This is a wartime application of scientific research that should be carried out to achieve scientific knowledge.Therefore,members of the social activities should also be transferred to this direction.To this end,the head office applies science as the evaluation criteria to expand science popularization.The first is to follow the discipline of applied science that carries out scientific research for the development of productive forces,expand the scientific and technological layout in the field of applied science and provide necessary scientific and technological layout preconditions for members to effectively use scientific knowledge.Under the function of the sense of responsibility which has been formed from the scientific research and carried out before,the discipline of applied science has been transformed into the principle of popularization of science since 1939.In the course of compiling the Science World up to 1941,the production of knowledge of science was formed as the theme of science popularization,showing that the ethics of responsibility has led to the disciplinary approach in practice.The third chapter discusses the disciplinary practice of basic science discipline of responsibility ethics during 1942—1945.At the back of this period,at that time,the head office issued a comprehensive Chinese scientific publication Acta Brevia Sinensia for the Anglo-American scientific community by collecting contributions from its members.This reflects the fact that members of the party that are largely concentrated on conducting scientific research in the basic sciences.This builds the basic science and technology layout through the scientific work of members of the Natural Science Society of China.The War of Resistance Against Japan needs to shift from the intention of war of resistance to the intention of founding a nation.Members of the Natural Science Society of China have also come to realize that it is necessary to boost basic science education in the rear area through the popularization of science in order to develop basic scientific research oriented toward the founding of our nation.Under the disciplinary practice of responsibility ethics,members started from the basic scientific research to carry out science popularization,forming the basic science discipline planning for the direction of science popularization and to the disciplinary practice of responsibility science ethics.The fourth chapter regards the responsibility discipline of responsibility ethics as the theme of the formation of the scientific professional ethics.It elaborates that during 1946—1949,members realized that the era of scientific founding required the establishment of a scientific innovation oriented to the productive forces to make the development of science in China preface the world trend of scientific innovation.This is to carry out scientific innovation from basic science to applied science.To this end,in the practice of society,on the one hand,scientific research and innovation in the scientific community in China are confirmed through professional exchanges through Science and Technology in China,a comprehensive English-language scientific journal used for exchanges in science.On the other hand,through the Science World,it is necessary to popularize the world’s scientific innovations to domestic society including domestic scientific innovation research.For scientific innovation research,these two kinds of social activities play a function of acquiring scientific knowledge and disseminating it.In theory,this establishes a flow of new scientific knowledge-oriented science.In order to carry out the ethics of responsibility for science popularization from the perspective of scientific research,it provides an institutional arrangement for disciplinary discipline as a path of responsible ethics practice.It is the establishment of discipline system that makes the ethics of responsibility evolve into scientific ethics.Because it establishes the normalization of discipline-oriented science disciplines that support scientific research toward the transformation of productive forces.According to the law of scientific innovation,it requires the domestic scientific community to explain the altruistic nature of disciplinary norms in the development of productive forces,making social trust and scientific innovation in line with the interests of the general public.Therefore,through the Science World,the rational purpose of scientific occupation and the social purpose of ensuring rational ends have been interpreted by the domestic scientific community,which has made the general public realize that scientific innovation accords with the rational value orientation of modern society.This theoretically reflects the domestic scientific community for the expression of scientific professional ethics.更多还原