【作者】 张静；

【导师】 徐大明；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 在当前国际社会对汉语需求与日俱增的形势下,如何借助现有利好条件推广汉语、发展经济,是汉语国际推广工作面临的重要问题。来华留学生作为活跃度和积极性都较高的汉语学习群体,对他们的汉语需求进行深入分析研究,也成为有针对性开展汉语推广工作的必要前提。本文结合现实背景,从微观层面对来华留学生汉语需求进行了调查和分析研究;基于语言经济学视角,通过建模分析细致探讨了微观汉语需求对汉语消费的影响机制。通过对第二语言需求分析体系和语言经济学中相关概念、理论和观点的系统梳理和整合,在国外权威模型和汉语需求调查实践的基础上,本文提出了汉语作为二语需求分析的理论框架,阐明了微观汉语需求与宏观语言政策的相互作用原理。在该框架下进一步对汉语作为二语需求分析的构成进行了阐释,主要包括目标需求、学习需求和情感及认知需求。通过对调查数据的因子分析,本文还明确了6个目标情景需求变量:公共生活情景、工作职业情景、学校学习情景、日常社交情景、正式社交情景和书面文字情景;4个学习目的需求变量:学业证书目的、工作就业目的、文化休闲目的和自我实现目的;5个情感及认知需求变量:经济价值认同、文化价值认同、身份地位认同、课程学习认同和情感态度认同。对214份调查问卷的统计分析发现,来华留学生微观汉语需求总体呈多元化的复合状态;学习者在公共生活场合中对汉语的使用需求最强,其学习需求主要源于工作和就业需要,对汉语的文化价值最有认同感;汉语的使用范围较为局限,学习者仍缺少汉语学习的经济激励,主动学习汉语的积极性还有待开发。本文进一步对微观汉语需求进行了不同维度的差异分析。一方面从纵向视角出发,研究存在教与学关系的师生的认知差异,考察教师对留学生微观汉语需求的了解程度;一方面从横向视角出发,研究来华留学生与其他学习群体的汉语需求差异情况。结合对12名教师和学习者的个案研究和访谈分析,得出以下主要结论:(1)教师虽然在整体上比较了解留学生的汉语需求,但是由于不同的学习群体尤其是不同的文化背景的学习者存在较大的需求差异,所以加强教师跨文化教学的能力和水平十分必要。对外汉语教学应以学生需求为导向制定教学目标和教学策略,满足学生需求并刺激其不断产生新的汉语需求。(2)汉语需求对学习者的语言消费行为存在多方面的影响。与其他学习群体相比较,留学生的微观汉语需求呈现活跃多变和不断发展的态势,对语言消费的影响也相对较为显著。基于文献研究和定量分析,本文提出了“学习者的汉语需求对其汉语消费行为有重要影响”的理论假设,以来华留学生的汉语微观需求为样本,分别考察了目标情景需求、学习目的需求和情感认知需求中多个需求因子对学习者四个维度汉语消费的影响,从而构建汉语作为第二语言需求的消费影响模型。通过单变量、多变量模型的构拟与分析,研究发现:(1)对来华留学生汉语总体消费行为影响作用最大的还是源于学业和就业的学习需求,其次是对汉语的目标情景使用需求,影响相对较弱的是对汉语的情感及认知需求。(2)从不同的语言消费层面来看,汉语消费行为受到来自不同汉语需求因子的影响是不同的。(3)学习者对汉语的需求体现在多个方面,不仅这些方面可以共同影响学习者的学习投入行为,而且不同维度需求类别中各个需求因子之间也存在互相影响的关系。语言需求作为学习者学习第二语言和进行语言消费的内部动力,需要不断地满足和进一步地激发,促进其直接转化为学习行为。(4)学习者的其他非需求因素如性别、学历和职业等对其汉语消费行为也存在一定影响。本研究不仅加深了对汉语作为二语需求分析理论框架内部结构、需求要素之间关系的理解,也证实了汉语需求各个层面和要素对学习者个体语言消费行为的影响。消费影响模型的提出,验证了来华留学生汉语需求所具有的经济意义,通过对比微观汉语需求与语言政策的适应情况,本文提出了针对当前汉语国际推广工作的政策建议和规划方向,并就汉语作为二语需求分析研究的未来方向进行了探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 As Chinese language needs of the international society are rapidly increasing,how to promote Chinese and develop economy under the good situation becomes an important issue in the processing of Chinese language international promotion.International students in China have great activities and enthusiasms to study Chinese language,thus to take a deep analysis of their micro Chinese language needs also becomes the necessary premise of the Chinese language international promotion practice.Combining with the reality,this thesis analysized the micro Chinese language needs of international students in China,and structed several models to discuss the micro Chinese language needs’ influencing institution on Chinese language consumption based on the the economics of language perspective.Based on the literature review,authoritative models and the Chinese language needs investigation,this thesis proposed a theoretical framework of needs analysis of Chinese as a second language and stated the interaction theory between micro Chinese language needs and macro language policy.The analysis of Chinese as a second language consists of purpose needs,study needs and affection perception needs,which could be devided into six factors of target situation needs,four factors of study purpose needs and five factors of affection perception needs.According to the analysis on the 214 questionnaire samples,the research found that the micro Chinese language needs of international students in China present a diversified status:using Chinese language in public life situation is the strongest need;study need mainly comes from the career demand;they most identify with Chinese cultural value;while the uses range of Chinese language is still limited,the learners are lack of economic stimulation to learn Chinese actively.The research also did a variance analysis of micro Chinese language needs through different dimensions.Perceptions of Chinese language needs variance analysises between teachers and learners and between different groups of learners were separately taken to detailing the micro Chinese language needs of international students in China.Combining with the 12 interviews,the research found that:(1)the teachers basicly understand the needs of students,and it is necessary to establish the teaching target and strategy to meet the students’ needs and stimulate new needs;(2)the Chinese language needs have various significant influences on the language consumption behavior and present a dynamic processing,so it is important to research the interactive relationship between Chinese language needs and consumption.Based on the literature research and quantity analysis,the thesis proposed an assumption that learners’ Chinese language needs have significant influences on their language consumption behaviors.The research investigated the needs factors’ impacts on the four dimensions of Chinese language consumption behaviors,and contructed the consumption influence models of Chinese as a second language.The models analysis concluded that:(1)the most influential factors are school work and career needs,followed with target situation needs and affection perception needs;(2)considering the different levels and dimensions of Chinese language consumption,it is influenced by different needs factors in different ways;(3)learners’ Chinese language needs are reflected in various aspects,which might interact themselves and co-influence the learning investment behaviors;as the internal motivation of Chinese language consumption,the language needs should be met continuously and stimulated into consumption behaviors;(4)the other aspects of the learners,such as gender,education background and so on,also have some influence on their Chinese language consumption behaviors.This research not only deppened the understanding of the needs analysis of Chinese as a second language framework structure and the relationship between various needs elements,but also verified the dimensions and elements of Chinese language needs’ influences on the learners’ individual language consumption behavior.The proposal of the consumption influence models also identified the economic value of the Chinese language needs of international students in China.At last,based on the comparison of the adaptability between micro needs and language policy,the thesis proposed some suggestions on the Chinese language international promotion planning and policy,and the future research directions of the needs analysis of Chinese as a second language were also discussed.更多还原