【作者】 王纾然；

【导师】 丁钢；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育史， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 20世纪初,随着维新运动的开展,女学在中国开始兴起。几十年间,中国女性走出闺阁,走向学校和职场,获得了独立和解放的可能,而这一变化在上海这一近代大都市尤为剧烈和多样。本研究所要探究的,是学校与职场向女性打开之后,近代上海女性的教育生活与职业生涯是如何开展和演变的。通过描述和分析近代上海女性教育与职业生涯的图景,探讨在20世纪上半叶的变迁中,女性生活空间延展和人生轨迹改变的过程。本文讨论的主要是普通上海女性如何进入近代教育和近代职场,她们接受教育和从事职业的图景如何演变,以及教育是如何作用于女性的职业生涯和自我实现的历程等问题。研究时间跨度为1900年至1949年,以上海女子学校教育的发展为起点,下至新中国成立之前。本研究所涉及的女性群体以占近代职业女性大多数的中下层女性为主,探寻沉默的普通女性的教育和职业生涯。除绪论外,正文部分共四章,第一章以城市与社会性别及女性教育的关系为视角,从更加广泛的意义上考察近代上海女性社会性别和社会生活的变迁。意在说明近代上海社会生活的变化对女性社会性别的重塑,描述近代上海女性教育与职业的概况,并试图寻找女性在其中的自我诠释。第二章研究的对象是近代教育中的女教师,她们伴随近代教育而成为职业教育者,又在这一传统与现代兼具的职业中表现出多重特性。第三章主要分析随着近代城市发展出现的商业、医护、公用事业等新的职业领域中的女性教育与职业状况,展现新的职业女性阶层的生态样貌。第四章记述在近代工业中成长的以纺织女工为代表的产业女工,传统的社会结构使她们的教育资源和教育机会极其匮乏,却参与了最先进的生产力和生产关系,也在最普遍和最广泛的意义上获得了自我实现和解放。本文使用的研究方法主要是叙事研究法和口述史的方法。在研究过程中,研究者有选择地访谈了14位曾在1949年之前接受教育或工作的普通女性或他们的配偶,他们的职业有产业工人、教师、职员、医护人员、自由职业者等,在他们的叙述中可以生动地再现近代女性教育与职业生涯的几个片段和侧面。本研究试图在相关领域丰富的成果基础上,将近代女性置于时代和社会嬗变的大背景下,从接受教育和从事职业的女性的主体视角描述女性的教育过程和职业生涯,以第一手口述和原始档案还原部分的真实历史,为理解教育与女性的职业发展和自我实现之间的相互作用提供一种新的可能。近代上海普通女性教育与职业生涯的图景,是上海城市大历史和女性大历史的组成部分。它相伴城市和时代变迁而生,又推动和改变着历史的轨迹。在近代上海女性教育与职业演变中,女性的社会性别和社会角色发生了彻底的转变。女性在教育中获得了社会的认同和自我的重塑,她们越来越深入地参与到教育过程中,找回了自己在教育中的位置。不同行业的女性的教育与职业的关系迥异。教育与医疗是社会留给女性相对宽容的职业空间,为此进行的女性教育有比较完备的专业性,教育与职业之间的联系十分直接而紧密。而在此之外的职业女性,她们的教育与职业之间的关系并不是一一对应的。她们伴随城市职业生态近代化的过程出现,为近代上海提供了生动的职业样本。教育对女性职业和女性自我发展的作用是多样化的。在近代上海这样一个新旧并存并急速变迁的都市里,女性对自我认知的矛盾与困惑表现得尤为集中。女性本身对自我的认同和认知在不断蜕变,女性自我意识在教育和职业场景中的唤醒是一个充满纠结的过程。但最终女性在社会转型中实现了自我救赎,逐步接近了女性对教育的自主权,对性别角色的主动权,对职业生涯的选择权。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the early 20 th century,with the development of the Reform Movement,women’s education began to rise in China.During the decades,women have been walking out of boudoirs,into schools and the workplace,gaining the chance of being independent and liberated.This change has been particularly dramatic and varied in Shanghai,a modern metropolis.This study aims to study how women’s educational life and career in modern Shanghai started and evolved after schools and workplaces were opened to them.Through the description and analysis of the vision of women’s education and career in modern Shanghai,it explores the process of the extension of women’s living space and the change of their life tracks during the first half of the 20 th century.This paper mainly discusses how ordinary Shanghai women have entered modern education and workplaces,and how their visions of education and occupations have evolved,and how education has affected women’s careers and self-realization.The study starts from the development of Shanghai women’s school education to the founding of New China from 1900 to 1949.The female groups involved are mainly composed of middle and lower-level women in this study,which explores the education and professional careers of those silent ordinary women.There are four chapters in the main text.The first chapter examines the changes of gender and social life of women in modern Shanghai in a broader sense from the perspective of relationship between urban and social gender and women’s education.It is intended to illustrate that the changes of social life in modern Shanghai reshape women’s social gender,and to describe the general situation of women’s education and careers in modern Shanghai,and to find women’s self-interpretation in it.The study object of the second chapter is the female teachers in modern education.They became professional educators with the development of modern education,and they also show multiple characteristics in this occupation,which has both traditional nature and modernity.The third chapter mainly analyzes the status of women’s education and career in the new occupational fields such as business,medical care,and publicutilities that have emerged with the development of modern cities,and shows the ecological appearance of the new professional women’s class.The fourth chapter describes industrial women workers represented by textile women workers who grew up in modern industry.The traditional social structure made them hard to approach to educational resources and opportunities.However,they participated in the most advanced productive forces and production relations and achieved self-realization and liberation in a common and broad sense.The study adopts the methods of narrative research and oral history.In the study process,the researchers selectively interviewed 14 ordinary women or their spouses who had received education or had worked before 1949.Their occupations included industrial workers,teachers,office clerks,medical staff,freelancers,etc.From their narration,it can vividly reproduce several aspects and profile the education and career of modern women.This study attempts to place modern women in the context of changing eras and societies based on the rich achievements in relevant fields,and to describe women’s educational processes and careers from the perspective of women who received education and took up occupations,and to restore the true history from the first-hand oral account and the original archive,so as to provide a new perspective to interpret the interaction between education and female career development and self-realization.The picture of ordinary women’s education and professional career in modern Shanghai is part of the macro-history of the city and women,which has been accompanied by the changes of the city and times,and has promoted and changed the track of history.Women’s social gender and social roles have undergone a complete transformation in the process of women’s education and career evolution in modern Shanghai.Women gained social recognition and self-reform in education who became more engaged in the education process and found their places in education.The education of women of different industries has a very different relationship with careers.In terms of education and medical care,society provides relatively more career opportunities to women.Thus,women education conducted for this aspects have relatively complete professionalism,and the connection between education andcareer is very direct and close.For the others,the relationship between education and career is not one-to-one correspondence.They emerged along with the process of urban occupational ecology modernization which have provided vivid career samples for modern Shanghai.The influence of education on women’s careers and self-development is diversified.In modern Shanghai which old and new coexists and of rapid changes,the contradictions and perplexities of women in self-recognition are particularly distinctive.The self-identity and cognition of women are constantly changing.The awakening of women’s self-consciousness in education and career fields is a process full of struggles.However,women achieved self-redemption during social transformation in the end and gradually approached women’s autonomy in education,in gender roles,and in career.更多还原