【作者】 张博；

【导师】 葛鲁嘉；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 具身认知理论是继认知主义和联结主义之后,认知心理学中一种快速发展的理论思潮。具身认知最初是以一种传统认知心理学乃至整个认知科学的挑战者甚至是替代者的形象出现在人们的视野之中——认知不再被看作是发生在大脑中的孤立事件,而是一个鲜活的身体在实时环境中所进行的适应性活动。具身认知的理论主张在一定程度上克服了认知心理学经典研究范式所存在的理论瓶颈,作为一种解释、说明人类心智和认知的建设性方案,具身认知既代表了一种重构人类认知的新进路,也为人们提供了一种更为深入的理解人类心智与行为的新的途径;不仅在极大程度上扩展了认知科学研究的理论视野,还在形而上学的层面上引发了人们对于心智和认知研究的审视和思考。具身认知理论的出现,在一定意义上也标志着当前的认知科学研究正在经历一次深刻的观念的转变:即从传统的基于计算机隐喻和功能主义立场的离身认知观转变为现代的基于心智的具身性、情境性和系统性的具身认知观。具身认知理论有着深刻的思想渊源,可以从哲学和心理学两个方面着手展开分析。在哲学方面,胡塞尔、海德格尔等人在现象学领域所进行的一系列的开创性工作,都与心智的具身性研究直接相关,梅洛·庞蒂的知觉现象学研究中关于身体是知觉活动主体的思想,更是具身认知理论最为直接和最为重要的思想来源之一,直接奠定了具身认知研究的理论基础。在心理学方面,心智研究的具身思想最早甚至能够追溯到十九世纪末格式塔心理学关于“无意向思维”的研究,但是回顾心理学的发展历程,对于具身认知研究影响最为巨大和深远的思想先驱或者说理论先行者,当属皮亚杰和维果茨基。虽然人们在很早的时候便能够从感性的方面意识到身体在认知世界过程中所起到的作用,但直到皮亚杰和维果茨基,有关认知发展与身体动作之间的跨学科的系统的研究才能够真正得以广泛、深入地开展。在很短的时间内,具身认知理论便引起了学术界的强烈反响和广泛关注,并逐渐发展成为了认知科学研究领域中的一股强劲的学术思潮。然而随着具身认知的研究的不断地深入,其所暴露出来的问题也就变得越来越多。在阐述从离身心智到具身心智这一研究转换的原因、背景以及内部逻辑线索的基础上,可以将上述问题从三个方面来加以概括:第一,具身认知理论的分裂与整合问题,即如何看待目前具身认知研究中的不同理论取向、是否可以依据某些线索或标准对其进行梳理和整合的问题;第二,具身认知与离身认知之间的关系问题,即当前的具身认知相对于传统的离身认知而言是一种替代还是一种改良的问题;第三,具身认知思潮的整体性评价的问题,即应当以一种什么样的标准、从何种适当的角度上来看待和评价当前的具身认知研究的问题,从离身心智到具身心智的转换,是否可以称得上一场真正意义上的范式革命。对于上述三个方面的重要理论问题的关切,正是本文撰写的初衷;如何针对这些问题给出合理的解释从而回应外界的种种质疑,也正是本研究所希望达成的目标。首先,在对不同具身认知理论取向核心观点进行梳理和把握的前提下,明确了理论整合的合理性和必要性,尝试性的将这些不同的理论取向整合到一个统一的理论的框架之内——即广义的具身认知理论,并在此基础之上,提炼和概括出当前具身认知研究的基本理论主张,即心智的具身性、认知的情境性以及认知的系统性;其次,从表征计算的视角出发,通过论述当前具身认知理论中所出现的两种观点相左的研究取向,即激进的具身认知和温和的具身认知,明确的指出了当前的具身认知研究更像是针对经典(传统)认知心理学所进行的一种修正和改良,而并非是一种彻底的否定和抛弃;最后,从本体论层面的变革和方法论层面的创新两个方面对当前的具身认知研究做出了整体性的评价,即从离身心智到具身心智标志着当前的认知心理学研究正在经历一次深刻的研究范式的转换,只不过这种转换是进行时,而非完成时,具身认知思潮的兴起,也的确在认知心理学领域内引发了一场思想的革命,只不过这场革命目前仅限于本体论的层面。更多还原

【Abstract】 Following cognitivism and connectionism,embodied cognition theory has developed rapidly within cognitive psychology research.Embodied cognition theory is initially treated as a challenger to the cognitive psychology and cognition is no longer seen as an isolated event that only occurs in the brain,but rather as a living body in a real-time environment.The embodied cognition theory overcomes the theoretical bottleneck of the classical paradigm of cognitive psychology.As an explanation of human mind and cognition,embodied cognition theory shows a new approach to reconstructing human cognition,and it also provides a new way to understand human mind and behavior more deeply.The emergence of embodied cognitive theory,in a certain sense,also means a change of cognitive concept:from traditional disembodied mind to contemporary embodied mind.The embodied cognition theory has a profound ideological origin,which can be analyzed from two aspects:philosophical aspect and psychological aspect.In philosophical aspect,a series of pioneering works of Husserl,Heidegger and other philosophers in the field of phenomenology is directly related to the embodied cognition theory.Melo-Ponti’s phenomenology of perception is even the main theoretical foundation of embodied cognition research.In psychological aspect,the study of embodied thought can be traced back to the"Gestalt psychology"in 19~thh Century,but Piaget and Vygotsky are the greatest ideological pioneer of embodied cognition.Although it is very early on can from the perceptual aspects of consciousness to the body plays a role in the process of cognition in the world,but until Piaget and Vygotsky,the research between cognitive development and body movements can be widely and deeply carry out.In a short period of time,the theory of embodied cognition has aroused strong repercussions and widespread concern,and it has gradually developed into a strong academic trend in the field of cognitive science.However,with the deepening of research on embodied cognition,the problems it exposes becomes more and more.On the basis of the reasons,background,and internal logical clues of the transformation from the disembodied mind to the embodied mind,the above problems can be summarized from three aspects:Firstly,the problem of the division and integration of embodied cognition theory,that is,how to view the different theoretical orientation in the present study of embodied cognition and whether it is possible to be combined and integrated by certain clues or standards.Secondly,the relationship between disembodied cognition and embodied cognition,that is,the current embodied cognition is an alternative or an improved relative to the traditional disembodied cognition.Thirdly,the problem of the overall evaluation of the embodied cognition.The concern about the above three issues is the original intention of this article,and how to give a reasonable explanation of these issues and respond to the challenges is the goal that this study hopes to achieve.Firstly,on the premise of combing and grasping the core viewpoints of different embodied cognitive orientations,the rationality and necessity of theoretical integration are clarified,and these different theoretical orientations are integrated into a unified framework of theory,that is,the broad sense theory of embodied cognition,and on this basis,is refined.And generalizes the basic theoretical propositions of current cognitive research,namely,the embodied nature of the mind,the situational nature of cognition,and the systematicness of cognition.Secondly,from the perspective of characterization calculation,the research orientation of the two different views appearing in the current cognitive theory,namely,the radical embodied cognition and the moderate embodied cognition,is discussed.The moderate embodied cognition clearly points out that the current embodied cognition research is more like a revision and improvement aimed at the classic cognitive psychology rather than a negation and abandonment.Finally,the ontological and methodological innovation are made to the present study of embodied cognition.The overall evaluation indicates that the current cognitive psychology research is experiencing a profound paradigm shift,but the transition is in progress,rather than in completion.Cognitive psychology has indeed gone through a revolution,but the revolution is only limited to the level of ontology.更多还原