【作者】 王雁；

【导师】 茅海建；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 中国史， 2017， 博士

【摘要】 在清代官僚体制中,中下层京官作为一个相当数量的官员群体,执行着中央机关的日常行政庶务,他们在政务中的作用与地位不可忽视,其仕进与为官生活状态无疑是重点研究领域。本文从京官的日常生活状态谈起,即从他们的数量、铨选、日常公务、社交网络、经济生活以及休闲娱乐入手,探究京官群体与晚清社会变迁之间的动态关系。晚清京官队伍膨胀,候补人员冗滥,来源途径多样化,补缺及升迁不易。官员补缺升转主要依循资历,由吏部负责操作,新政以后,转变为依循能力与劳绩以及堂官的个人意见。为保护本民族利益,旗人和汉人之间官缺及铨选方式存在不平衡。政务中,由于司员冗滥,为明确办事责任,提高政务效率,清政府在旧有的部—司体系之下设立“乌布”差委制,由“掌印、主稿”实际负责司中事务,无差无缺的司官,特别是候补司官,平日并不到署办公。清末官制改革后,又出现了司长、科长、股长、科员等“新乌布”,并且逐渐成为一套新的职事官体系,与近代职官制度接轨。公务之余,社交应酬、购书读书、诗文雅集成为主要生活内容。在京官的社交关系圈中,同乡关系由于地缘的认同感和印结局、会馆等组织机构的存在,占据了最为重要和普遍的位置。大量的应酬花销,微薄的俸禄根本不足以生活,京官经济来源主要是来自家族资助、收取印结费、接受外官的馈赠以及办差获得等其他非体制收入。新政时期,清政府提高官员薪俸,加剧了官员奢靡腐化的生活。清末民初之际,学习新学知识、参加社会团体,接受西方生活娱乐方式,这些新式活动成为京官生活的一部分,与原来的生活方式并行存在,成为链接京官生活方式由传统向近代转变的重要环节。在新旧社会思潮转折的过渡时代,京官群体出现开明与保守的蜕变与分化。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the bureaucracy system of the Qing Dynasty,the middle and lower levels of Beijing officials consisted of a considerable number of officials,they executed the daily administrative affairs of the central authorities Their role in government and status can not be i~gnored and their official career and official life are undoubtedly importantresearch areas.This paper focuses on the daily life of Beijing officials,including their amount,selection,daily business,social network,economic life and entertainment activities to explore the dynamic relationship between the officials’ group and the social changes in the late Qing Dynasty.In the late Qing Dynasty,the expansion of Beijing officials,redundancy of candidates and the diversification of officials’ source made the promotion pretty hard.Officials’ supplication of the vacancy and promotion were mainly based on the seniority according to the official in the Ministry,but after the New Policy the assumption of duty was mainly based on ability and personal opinions.To protect the national interest,there is an imbalance between the banners and the Han people.In order to clarify the work responsibility and improve the efficiency of government affairs,the Qing government set up the "WuBu" system under the old departmental system.Here,"Zhangyin""Zhugao" will be responsible for the affairs and not all the candidate officials are required to be in the office.In the new policies of Qing Dynasty,newlyfounded official positions,such as Sizhang,Kezhang、Keyuan,etc.were also called "new ubu".Itshows worked an important part connecting the traditional and the modern bureaucracy.Without official business,officials spent more time on entertainment,the whirl of society,reading,and poem appreciation.Beijing officials’ social network was leaded by the identity of the geographical relationship.There was a disparity between high spending on entertainment and their lower salary.The officials’ main source of income was from informal sources such as family support,changing the printed fee,accepting gifts from other officials,and business trips.The new period,the government to raise the official salaries,exacerbating the extravagant officials corrupt life.At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,a number of activities stepped into Beijing officials’ daily life.These activities included learning new knowledge,participating in social groups,and accepting the Western lifestyes and entertainment.Combined with Beijing officials’ original way of life,this becomes an important link of their translation from traditional life style into modern life style.In the period of social change,liberal and conservative differentiation of the middle and lower levels of Beijing officials groups.更多还原