先秦文献中的宰相故事研究

【作者】 孙鹏；

【导师】 徐克谦；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 中国文学与文化， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 在先秦宰相故事的创作和流传上,先秦司后世宰相职务的政治家的事迹在当时的广泛流传,是历史文化发展的产物,更是文学发展的产物。学界对先秦文献的关注多集中在对历史的考索探究上,持“六经皆史”说的大有人在,而较少对文献中的历史故事探索创作者演绎文学经典传奇的文心意蕴。先秦宰相故事中寄寓着创作主体的心术向往追求,理想价值判断。故事在先秦文献中的大量记载及流传演变使得先秦宰相故事形成一个庞大的故事丛。通过整理剖析这一庞大的故事丛,我们可以把故事归为不同的故事类型,探析故事类型中蕴含的创作主体和接受群体共同的心理、理想、观念。从文学的角度看,故事是创作者、创作对象和接受者三者共同作用的产物。故事在流传过程中产生巨大的哲学、政治和文学价值,其中创作者、创作对象和接受者的作用不可小觑。先秦宰相故事的价值主要体现在三个方面:首先,体现在哲学价值上。先秦宰相故事中高扬人的主体性,其中包括先秦宰相发挥主体性的实践,创作主体发挥主体性的创作,接受主体发挥主体性的接受。创作者在创作过程中,把神当成实现宰相目的的工具,体现着人对神的超越。其次,体现在政治价值上。先秦宰相故事中包含中国传统文化中的德教传统,故事立意中体现着伦理政治理想。故事创作者通过对先秦宰相德治思想的表述,达到劝勉、告诫的目的;通过先秦文献中宰相故事治国宗旨的描述,表达创作者希望统治者以修己达到安人;通过对卓然不群的先秦贤能宰相的描写以及他们惠施人民的功利,揭示出贤能政治是历史的理性选择,表达故事崇尚贤能政治的主旨。故事中记载先秦宰相具有民本思想,也有民生关怀的意识,而民生关怀作为宰相对民生的人文观照,与民生实际隔着一层审美的距离。先秦宰相故事中的君主和宰相之间是相辅相成的组合排列关系,二者既相互选择,也相互制约。再次,先秦文献中宰相故事的文学价值体现在树立了鲜明、典型、可作为后世大臣参照的宰相形象,既塑造了可“树之风声”的忠相、贤相、智相的典型形象,也刻画了令人深思,使统治者引以为戒的奸相形象。故事创作者通过奇妙的运思,以想象、杜撰等手法创作出具有多重阐释性的情节,运用奇诡的艺术手法以达到彰善惩恶,增强艺术表达效果的作用。作者创造的跌宕起伏的故事情节给接受者以无穷的审美期待。先秦文献中的宰相故事以奇妙的语言表达深奥的主旨。主要体现在引用富含深意的典故,表情达意,影射现实。运用洞悉别人心理的语言达到劝谏、说服的目的。善用精巧的比喻,使形象更生动,说服力更强。先秦著名的宰相如周公、管仲、晏子等人的故事极具代表性。周公作为“元圣”,其故事的流传演变过程中体现着创作者的治国观念、道德理想。周公形象具有文学原型的意义。周公治国故事的流变中体现着创作者对专用与兼融治国方略的反思,表现专用一家危险、兼容并包长久的思想。也存在专用和兼容并包两种治国思想之间的博弈,此消彼长的抗衡。周公摄政故事中表现臣子忠君与权变的二难选择,先秦时期,忠君与权变思想并存。秦汉之后,凸显忠君主题。近现代则有多元化的价值取向。周公摄政故事以其情节的曲折复杂、人物形象的双面性成为一种文学原型。周公诛管蔡故事中体现着创作者在伦理与法治之间的权衡取舍。管仲故事中凸显作者对道德、人物的权衡评价,揭示出道德理想与现实功名之间的矛盾,通过对管仲有政治远见故事的描写表现创作者对后世统治者的告诫,希望以道导势的思想。通过不同人物对管仲臣道的自由诠释和理解共鸣,说明所谓的仁忠观念、功德、名誉具有双重的评价标准。晏子故事中体现着创作者对晏子行为有道与违道的判定。晏子臣道故事中包含达士不愚忠的意蕴。创作者通过晏子有政治远见的故事,塑造了晏子的明察宰相形象,并对尼溪故事进行解读,表现了对儒教与治国的思考。更多还原

【Abstract】 The origin of the prime minister dates back to the Pre-Qin period, where many politicians held similar positions to a prime minister. Their deeds spread abroad among the people. Its creation and circulation throughout different generations has resulted in it being influenced by historical and literary developments.Academics often focus on the study of the history of the Pre-Qin period’s literature. There are many scholars who believe in the theory which states that "the six classics are all history", But relatively few people explore the literature implications of the authors who wrote about the historical stories. The author conveys his thoughts, desires,ambitions, judgments, ideals through the stories of the Prime Ministers in the Pre-Qin time. The tales of the Prime Ministers in the Pre-Qin time formed a huge group of differing stories due to the vast colledtion and spread of the stories in the pre-Qin period changes occurred. We can classify the story into different story typies through Arranging and analysing this huge story group, then one can explore the similarity of same psychological ideals and values between the author and read within the differing groups of the story.The story is a product which effected together with the author, the create object and the recipient.The story product large philosophical, political and literary value in the process of circulation. The author, the create object and the recipient play a great role in the process.The value of the stories of the Prime Ministers in the Pre-Qin time is mainly reflected in three aspects. The first part, from the value of philosophy respect,attention to man’s subjectivity in the stories of the Prime Ministers in the Pre-Qin time. Including the practice of the Prime Ministers who act subjectivity, the author creates actively, the receiver accepted actively. The author treat god as a tool with which to achieve the intended purpose of the Prime Ministers, to embody the transcendence of god. The second part: From the value of politics respect, the author includes moralizing - education tradition in the stories of the Prime Ministers in the Pre-Qin time. Ethical political vision is shown throughout the story. The author gain the objectives of advice and caution through expression of the Prime Ministers’ idea that rule by moral. The author wish the ruler cultivates himself and thereby brings peace and security to the people through the statecraft in the story of the Prime Ministers in the Pre-Qin time. The story advocates to get virtuous and talented person to administer the affairs of the state. The story reveals that getting virtuous and talented person to administer the affairs of the state is a rational choice based on history. The story record that the Prime Ministers has civilian-oriented thoughts and consciousness of solicitude for people’s livelihood. As the Prime Ministers’humanism concern to people’s livelihood,the solicitude for people’s livelihood separated a aesthetic distance from the real people’s wellbeing. Relationship between the monarchy and the Prime Minister is permutation and combination in the story,they are complementary to each other, they connected with each and restricting each other. The third part, the literature value of the story of the Prime Ministers in the Pre-Qin time is reflected in establishing lively, typical image of the Prime Ministers.Both create the typical image of the loyal Prime Ministers, wise Prime Ministers and wisdom Prime Ministers; also depict the traitor Prime Ministers that make the rulers take warning.The writer create multiple interpretive plot through the wonderful idea, imagine and fabrication. Using the weird art to exhibit virtue and expose vice, and enhance the artistic expression effect.Ups and downs of the story created by the author bring readers infinite aesthetic look. the story of the Prime Ministers in the Pre-Qin time Express profound purport with wonderful language, is mainly reflected in expressing the real objective with the reference of allusions,persuading others through Using psychological language, making the image more vivid, more powerful through using of exquisite analogy.The famous prime ministers of pre-qin such as Zhou gong,Guanzhong,Yanzi,their stories are very representative. Zhougong as "yuan st",The evolution of his story embodies the creator’s governance concept and moral ideal,The image of Zhou gong have prototype significance in literature. The evolvement of Zhou gong’s story embodies the creator’s rethink of concept of governing a state with single-minded or the fusion. The story expresses the thought that governing a state with single-minded is dangerous and all-inclusived will be long lasting. There also exist game and contend between two concept of governing. The story of the Duke of Zhou’s regent embodies the officials’ dilemma choice in loyal to the king and contingency. The thought of loyal to the king and contingency are coexist in the Pre-Qin time. the theme of loyal to the king highlighted after qin- han dynastie.There are a value orientation diversified in the modern times. The story of the Duke of Zhou’s regent becomes a literary prototype due to its complicated and confusing plots and duplicity of characters. The story that the Duke of Zhou killed uncle Guan and uncle Cai embody the author’s trade-off between ethnic and law. The story of Guan Zhong highlighted evaluated and weigh to moral and character, show the relationship of moral ideal and reality fame. The story embodies the author’s Insight of knowledge and warning. The authors want to guide powerful men with Do. the author want to illustrate that there are dual norms to judge benevolence, loyalty, utility and fame. The story of Yan Zi shows the author’s judgment to followed the tao or violation of Tao. The story of Yan Zi’s tao as a minister contains the minging that the wise man is not blind loyalty. The author shaped Yan Zi’s character as a Prime Minister through the story of Yan Zi’s political vision. Though reading of the Ni-Xi story, the author thought the relationship of Confucianism and running a country.更多还原