【作者】 叶平；

【导师】 黄君礼； 周定；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 环境科学与工程， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 基于生态伦理视角的环境科学,肩负着变革传统理论观念与建构和创新生态文明建设所需要的实践观念的光荣任务和历史使命。为此,对环境科学的整体定位进行了重新确证,认为环境科学的体系结构是兼容生态哲学、生态伦理学,以及环境自然科学、环境人文与社会科学等门类的超级学科群落。它的特征在于观念的继承性和革命性、研究的多样性与统一性、学科发展的发散性和收敛性、文化的批判性和先导性、结果的确定性和不确定性。环境科学共同体不应局限于自然科学,还应扩展到环境交叉学科,形成大环境科学共同体,明确环境科学研究的人文范式,并以“一个地球,两个世界”协同进化的生态世界观、地球“资源”和“根源”并存的生态价值观、从“社会契约”到“自然契约”的生态权利观,作为本课题研究的基础和理论工具。分析环境科学不同层面的理论观念问题,认为环境自然观不应当建立在自然终结论的基础上,而应当坚持自然有机体论、进化自然论,主张敬畏自然,其依据在于“自然界最懂自然”、“生物利益的自我保护性”和“大自然的报复性”;在环境保护观上,分析了“极端的环保”观点产生的原因,其症结在于坚持极端的人类中心主义并忽视环境保护的时-空异质性、经济发展区位的差异性。人与自然关系的度在于“益于人类,促进生态”的双标尺度;在“循环型经济还是节约型经济”的环境社会观的争论上,对二者的不同观点进行了分析,认为“循环型经济”适合于产业发展模式,不适合于环境社会发展模式;节约型经济是针对经济社会的物欲消费提出的,包括循环。循环的目的在于节约,突出环境社会的伦理自觉,即在于物质上的节制主义、生活上的简约主义。对环境科学的实践观念问题展开研究。一方面,分析城市环境友好型产业产生的背景和工业生态化应确立的实践观念,认为环境友好型产业是工业生态化的范例,不可能自动实现,依据在于“整体支配并决定部分”、“外部不经济性”、“工业生态化并非企业自愿”和“取-予平衡”等环境观念。特别是“小水泥”为摆脱“落后产能”而开展的处理城镇生活垃圾的工艺创新,尽管环境评价和水泥质量监测均符合国家相关规定,但是其社会正当的商品生产和生态生产的名分仍未确定,其症结在于缺乏“实践的发展的观点”看问题的态度,以及正确的评价标准。“耗能”、“环保程度”、“地方水泥需求状况”以及企业本土化程度应当成为评价的标准。另一方面,从生态伦理视角,对“荒野环境”、“生物多样性及其保护”以及“河流生命伦理及其建构的实践思维方式”进行论证,认为荒野属于环境关系集合体,其内涵不在于有无人居住,而在于人与自然关系的可持续性。其特征在于:原发自然性与建构自然性、多样性与统一性、稳定性与波动性、局部斗争性与整体和谐性。荒野的本质在于野性。野性是自然历史过程中积累的成就。确立荒野概念并作为决策观念,有助于改变仅从森林,或湿地,或河流等局部进行的“条块分割的决策”。生物多样性属于环境关系的属性,它与文化多样性相互制约,并以此为出发点对生物多样性保护的伦理进行探讨,发现生物多样性不等于生物多样,而是多样生物的本质属性。认为人类与其他生物都有“生存环境的依赖”,而人类科学理性则把多样的“生活世界”变成了单一的物质世界,用简单的机械物理运动代替生命运动形式,这是今天生物多样性破坏的文化本质。实质上,任何生物包括人类,都有存活属性和种属属性。保护存活属性的共性和种属属性的差异性是生物多样性保护的本质。基于生态伦理研究河流环境实体,在地球水圈图景中透视河流“活的”生命形态,目的是确立以“河流生命健康”观念为特征的河流生命管理方式。认为河流生命概念符合非平衡生态学和复杂性理论,特别是耗散结构理论、协同学和超循环理论的机体模型解释,体现自然界活的系统是自组织系统,具有协同的整体性和进化的方向性。由此,把机械系统存在的因果关系与有机系统存在的功能关系相区别。河流生命的根是水,其命脉是超循环流动,有其自身的生存和健康方式。对河流生命的管理应坚持协同的整体论、进化的价值论和“像河流那样思考”的伦理思想特征。河流生命是一个新概念,是绿色知识创造和传播体系中的一个范畴。其实践思维方式体现在对河流生命意义的重要性、表达和理解的三个维度。环境科学肩负着为人类终极关怀服务和为人与自然和谐服务的使命,其任务在于形成大环境科学共同体并促进环境学科的交叉研究,特别是当前需要开展环境科学史的基础研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Environmental science based on ecoethics perspective shoulders two glory duties and history missions. One is to reform the traditional theoretical ideas, the other is to construct and create practical ideas needed by the construction of ecological civilization. Therefore, it?s necessary to reconfirm the overall positioning of environmental science. That is, the architecture of environmental science is a super discipline group encompassing multi-class disciplines such as eco-philosophy, eco-ethics, environmental science and environmental humanities and social science, etc. Its features are the inheritance and revolutionary of ideas, investigative diversity and unity, the divergence and convergence of discipline development, the cultural criticalness and pre-guiding, the resultant certainty and uncertainty. Environmental science community should not be confined to only natural science, but extend to the environmental interdisciplinary to form the great environmental science community. It help to make the humanistic paradigm clear to study environmental science which decides the basis and theory tool to research this subject. They are the co-evolutive ecological world outlook of “one earth, two world”, the ecological values of coexist with earth resources and earth source, the ecological rights view from “social contract” to “natural contract”.Analyzing the problems of the theoretical ideas on different levels, and insisting natural view of environment should not establish on the basis of natural endism, but on that of natural organicism and evolving naturalism. The foundation lies in “nature knows best”, “the self-preservation of biology interests” and “the revenge of nature”. On the view of environmental protection, analyzing the causes of the “extreme environmental protection”, the crux lies in insisting on the extreme anthropocentrism as well as ignoring the space-time heterogeneity of the environment protection and the differences in the location of economic development. Degree of the man-nature relationship rest with the double criterion of ?Benefit to mankind, promote ecology?.On the debate of environmental views of society of ?whether circulation economy or economizing economy?, analyzing their differences. The conclusion are that circulation economy fits industry development mode while doesn?t fit environment-social development mode; economizing economy proposed is aimed at materialistic consumption in the economic world. It contains circulation. The purpose of circulation is saving. It highlights the ethic consciousness in environmental society, they lie in the material puritanism and the living minimalism.To carry out the research on the questions of the practical ideas of environmental science. On one hand, analyzing the background of eco-friendly enterprises in city and the practical ideas of the industrial ecologicalization,the eco-friendly enterprises are considered as the example of the industrial ecologicalization. It can not realize automatically. The foundation lies in the environmental ideas of “the overall controls and decides the part”, “the external diseconomy”, “enterprise is not voluntary to ecologicalize industry” and “the taken-given balance”. Especially, “the small cement enterprises” innovate the technology of processing the urban living garbage in order to extricate itself from “the outdated capacity”. Although the environmental evaluation and the cement quality monitoring both meet the correlated national standard, the birthright of legitimate commodity production and ecologic production remains undetermined. The crux lies in lacking practical and developed attitude to the problems and the sound evaluation standards. Energy consumption, environmental protection degree, cement demand state locally and the enterprises? localization extent should be the evaluation criteria.On the other hand, “wilderness environment”, “biodiversity protection” and “river life ethics and the constructing way of practical thinking” are demonstrated from the perspective of ecological ethics. The wilderness is an aggregation of environmental relationship. Its connotation emphasizes the sustainability of man-nature relationship. Its characteristics contain the natural primary and natural constructivism, diversity and unity, stability and volatility, partial belligerence and integral concordance. The essence of wilderness is the wild. It is the accumulated achievement in the process of natural history. It would contribute to change the ?highly fragmented and segmentary decision-making? from locality such as forest, wet land or river, etc to establish the concept of wilderness and regard it as the decision-making idea.Biodiversity belongs to the attribute of environmental relationship. It is mutual restriction with the cultural diversity which is the starting point to discuss the ethic of biodiversity conservation. And then discover the biodiversity is not equal to biological diversity, but the essential property of various creatures. Human and other creatures all depend on their living environment. While human scientific reason changes the diversity of life world into the oneness of physical world. The cultural essence of biodiversity destruction today lies in substituting the form of simple mechanical and physical movement for that of complicated life movements. Essentially, any creatures including human beings have the survival and genus properties. The nature of biodiversity protection is to protect the generality of survival properties and the difference of genus properties.To research river environmental entity based on eco-ethic, one may get the perspective of the rivers? living life form in the earth hydrosphere picture. The aim is to establish management style of river life featured with the idea of river’s life healthy. The concept of river life conforms to the unequilibrium ecology and the complexity theory, especially to the interpretation on organism model of the dissipative structure, synergetics and hypercycle theory. It embodies the natural vivisystems is self-organizing system which has cooperative integrality and evolutionary direction. From this we can distinguish the causality in mechanical system from the functional relationship in organic system. The root of river life is water, the lifeline is super circulation flow. It has itself survival and healthy way. The management of river life should insist on the synergistic holism, evolutionary axiology and the ethics thought characteristics as “thinking like river”. River life is a new concept. It falls under the category of the creation and transmission system of green knowledge. The practical way of thinking is embodied in three dimensions to the river life meaning as importance, expression and comprehension.Environmental science shoulders the missions of serving for mankind ultimate concern and for the man-nature harmony. Its mandate lies in forming a great community of environmental science to promote the cross-over study on environmental sciences. In particular, it is necessary to carry out the basic research on the history of environmental science at the present.更多还原