【作者】 贾宁；

【导师】 米红；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 非传统安全管理， 2016， 博士

【副题名】基于人口脆弱性的视域

【摘要】 研究背景生态环境是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础。然而,人类对自然资源的不断掠夺和攫取对生态环境造成巨大破坏。不断产生的环境问题对生态系统造成前所未有的“安全”层面的威胁。我国近年来由于生态退化和人类活动引发的各种自然灾害是我国生态安全甚至国家安全所面临的巨大挑战。我国政府作为维护公民生命和财产安全的最高承担者,是现行自然灾害救助主体。尽管我国政府在历次自然灾害救助中的成绩有目共睹,其质量缺口仍不容忽视。救灾预备金储备不足、救灾项目和标准的设定缺乏稳定性、“一灾一议”,以钱定人及平均主义等问题依然突出。研究目的本研究首先基于我国政府救灾实践,对其救灾质量进行评价并指出标准设定中存在的问题；继而比较发达国家和地区的政府灾害救助体制,试图挖掘值得我国借鉴的地方；再次,计算我国区域综合人口脆弱性指数及年龄脆弱性指数并呈现区域分布；最后,基于区域或家庭户脆弱人口特征视域对我国政府灾害救助项目和标准的设定提出政策建议。研究数据来源及方法本研究宏观国际数据来源于国际自然灾害数据库(EM-DAT)、瑞士再保险公司(SwissRe);国家数据来源于普查数据和政府官方网站统计数据。研究方法涵盖学科方法及具体研究方法。学科方法包括非传统安全学及行政管理学；具体研究方法包括文献研究法、比较研究法及定量研究法。研究结果1.我国已进入“高风险社会”,自然灾害的发生呈现常态化,对自然灾害型公共危机管理提出新要求。自然灾害频发是“高风险社会”的维度之一,主要体现在风险总量的增加、风险结构的变化及结果的不确定性。自然灾害型公共危机管理强调综合风险管理。2.我国尚未建立健全巨灾保险体制,政府仍是灾害救助及补偿主体,在历次灾害救助中所取得的成绩斐然,但存在的救灾标准不稳定,缺乏精准化等问题不容忽视。政府承担灾害救助的主要责任,在其灾害救助及补偿项目和标准的设定中未对区域或家庭户年龄、性别、认知、民族脆弱人口加以考量,缺乏个体化补偿标准设置。3.美国等国家及地区的政府灾害补偿体制完善,值得我国借鉴。部分国家和地区的政府灾害补偿项目和标准设置精细化程度高,公共政策执行效率高。4.我国区域综合人口脆弱性及年龄脆弱性水平呈现东高西低不均衡分布,且华东地区人口年龄脆弱性水平居全国之首。研究结论及政策建议1.我国政府的灾害救助能力和水平还远不及发达国家和地区,特别是救助项目和标准设定的精细化程度与发达国家尚有距离。2.政府有必要将区域综合人口脆弱性水平及家庭户脆弱人口特征纳入灾害救助项目和标准设定考量范围,关注弱势群体,保障救灾政策公平性。3.基于区域综合人口脆弱性水平,建立政府自然灾害救助标准体系及其动态调整机制,解决救助项目单一、标准偏低、缺乏稳定性的问题。4.积极降低承灾体社会脆弱性,开展防灾减灾教育,改变“重救灾,轻预防”的灾害管理理念,提高人口应灾及灾后恢复能力。5.加快建立多元主体灾害救助体制的建立,探索并建立健全适应我国国情的巨灾保险制度,全面保障风险社会背景下的生态安全及国家安全。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research Background:Environmental security has been recognized as a global concern. However, along with industrialization and modernization, human beings have long been exploiting natural resources, which results in the deterioration of global environment and unprecedented threat to ecological and demographic security. Natural disasters, as a part of ecological problem, have challenged both national even international securities.Research Objectives:The research aims to evaluate the quality of government disaster assistance and find out the problems existing in projects and standards design and implementation; Then review the disaster assistance design in a certain developed countries and regions to benefit the construction of that in China; Next calculate the comprehensive social vulnerability and demographic vulnerability at the regional level and exhibit the geographic distribution; Finally make tentative policy recommendations.Research Data and Methodologies:International and national data are applied in the research. International data come from International Natural Disaster Database (EM-DAT) and Swiss Re-insurance Company. National data derive from census and official websites.As for research methodologies, it covers discipline and concrete research methods. Discipline research methods include Non-traditional Security and Administration Science methods; Concrete research methods include literature analysis, comparative study and quantitative method.Research Results:1. China has stepped into "High-risk Society" and natural disasters have been a normalization, which brings up new demands for public crisis management. High frequency of natural disasters is a part of "High-risk Society"which reflects in the increase of total risk, change of risk structure and uncertainty of risk results. Public crisis management in terms of natural disasters emphasizes comprehensive risk management.2. The government, as the maintainer of public interest, plays a leading role in natural disaster relief and assistance. However problems existing in government assistance cannot be ignored. There is a random way of relief projects and standard setting, with no consideration of specific demographic characteristics, especially vulnerable population.3. There is a detailed projects design and standard setting of government in some western countries and regions according to different demographics, which sets good examples for China.4. Comprehensive social vulnerability at the regional level shows imbalance, of which comprehensive demographic vulnerability is high in east and low in west.Research Conclusions and Policy Recommendations:1. Capability and amounts of Chinese government disaster assistance is far from being satisfactory, especially its design for targeted vulnerable population.2. It is of great necessity for the government to take comprehensive demographic vulnerability into consideration of natural disaster assistance to ensure policy fairness.3. Set up dynamic adjustment mechanism of government natural disaster assistance to guarantee the diversity and individuality of its design and standard.4. Carry out disaster education and reduction to diminish comprehensive social vulnerability. Change the belief of "Disaster relief first, Prevention second".5. Establish multi-subject disaster relief system and catastrophe insurance system to ensure the national public security.更多还原