【作者】 黄俊华；

【导师】 马小泉；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 中国史·中国近现代史， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 清末司法改革时,晚清政府从日本引入西方检察制度,这是中国走向近代司法文明的重要标志之一。晚清政府对检察机关的设置、检察官管理、检察机关职权等方面做的开创性的设计,奠定了近代检察制度的基础。进入民国以后,北京政府秉承三权分立原则,继续改造、发展检察制度,在经历现实的困境之后,检察制度开始向传统回归,那些未设立法院的地方依然由县长兼理司法,检察职权由县长兼理,检察制度出现变异。南京国民政府时期,在国家政权相对统一,社会环境相对稳定的情况下,国民政府致力于国家的制度建设,推进司法改革,检察制度在制度建设方面相对完善、规范。检察官参与案件的广度或深度都远超晚清和北京政府时期,这一阶段成为检察制度引入中国后的几十年当中,运行相对较好的阶段。检察制度在南京国民政府时期已成为中国司法制度的重要组成部分,促进了近代中国司法文明的发展。文章运用历史学并借鉴法学的研究方法,梳理了南京国民政府检察制度的机构设置、检察官管理、检察机关职权、检察制度运作时检察机关与审判机关、检察官与司法警察、检察官与律师间的关系,分析了制约检察制度的影响因素。文章主体分为六个章节:第一章,梳理南京国民政府检察制度的制度来源、理论基础和制度设计,论述南京国民政府检察制度是在借鉴外国检察制度,并继承晚清和北京政府时期检察制度改革成果的基础上发展而来的;其理论来自西方的分权学说和国内三民主义的社会本位思想;其制度设计既来自于北京政府时期的法律规定,又来自于南京国民政府时期颁行的法律、法规,同时法界人士对制度的设计产生了重要影响。第二章,论述南京国民政府时期检察制度的组织机构及其管理,诸如机构设置情况、处务管理及其内部检察一体关系,说明这一时期检察制度在机构设置方面较北京政府时期发生了变化,其在制度建设方面,诸如处务管理的细化、规范方面得到进一步发展。第三章,讨论南京国民政府检察人员的构成和管理状况。从检察人员的分布、教育程度、年龄结构、任职长短等方面论述这一时期的检察人员的分布受经济因素的影响,同时具有教育程度较高,年龄构成合理及任职时间不长等特点。此时检察人员的管理,无论考试、培训、任用或奖惩等方面,制度规定均日益走向规范和完善。同时,受司法党化的影响,检察人员管理的诸多方面体现出司法党化的历史特征。第四章,论述一般刑事案件和特殊程序、民事诉讼程序中检察机构的职权。该部分在梳理检察职权的变化及检察官履职情况的同时,着眼于检察制度在南京国民政府时期执行情况及为适应中国实际所做出的改变及其背后原因,力图说明检察制度在职权方面呈现出本土化的特征,并通过相关事例及司法统计说明检察职权在维护司法公正,促进司法文明发展起到了积极作用。第五章,就检察制度运作时的司法关联——检审、检律和检警关系等进行论述,剖析检察制度在运行时同其他相关司法部门之间的联动,说明检察制度在运行过程中,对其他司法部门产生影响并受该司法部门的牵制。第六章,通过分析南京国民政府检察制度的历史特征、运行绩效和不足之处及其制约因素,论述南京国民政府检察制度的历史价值。文章力图说明南京国民政府时期的检察制度在制度建设、职权运用等方面得以改造和完善,具有司法党化和本土化的特点,其在实施中一方面增强了人民的司法观念,提高了案件的办案效率,维护了社会公益,促进了近代中国司法文明的发展;另一方面,由于传统文化和司法经费的影响,决定了以分权和控审原则为基础的检察制度在建设中遭遇障碍和尴尬甚至发生变异。更多还原

【Abstract】 The procuratorial system, originated from western society, was introduced into the late Qing Dynasty and became an important performance for China entering into modern judicial civilization when it was reforming the judiciary. The late Qing Dynasty made some creative designs such as setting up investigating and prosecuting organs, supervising procurators, determining the functions and the three powers the procuratorial organs, which laid the foundation of modern prosecution system. The Beijing Government continued to transform and develop the procuratorial system based on the principle of separation of powers during the period of Republic of China. After experiencing the realistic dilemma, judicial reformation began to return to the traditional, the county magistrates managed the local courts, and the judicial system was changed, which was the fact in many places where had not establish the courts. Because of the union of the country, the stability of society, the construction of national institutions and the reformation of judicial system, the Nanjing National Government made greater achievements in the building and development of the procuratorial system than the late Qing Dynasty and Beijing Government. The procuratorial system of Nanjing National Government had become an important part of the Chinese judicial system, which promoted the development of Chinese modern judicial civilization.The author researches the procuratorial system from institution setting, prosecutor administration and procuratorial organs’ function through the method of historiography and law, teases out the relationship among practitioner, procuratorate-police and procuratorial discipline, and analyses the factors which restraint the procuratorial system operating effectively.The thesis haa six main chapters. In the first chapter, the author cleans up the sources, basis and system design of the Nanjing National Government procuratorial system, which is drawing on foreign procuratorial system and absorbing the results of the reform in the period of late Qing Dynasty and Beijing Government. The author discovers that this system is based on the doctrine of power separation and the Three People’s Principles, the design of the system both from the law during the Beijing government, and the laws and regulations which enacted during the Nanjing National Government.In the second chapter, the author discusses the organization and management of the procuratorial system in Nanjing National Government. The main changes and achievements embody on Institutional settings, affairs processing, and the business management inside the procuratorial organ, which means the system in Nanjing Government is better than it in Beijing Government in the sides of institution setting, affair management and regulation building.In the third chapter, the author discusses the composition and management of the procuratorial system in Nanjing National Government. The distribution of prosecutors is influenced by their educational level, age structure, distribution and other aspects of the length of tenure of prosecutors in this period; at the same time, it has some characters as high level of education, perfect age structure and short working time. In this phrase the management, training, appointment and reward or punishment of prosecutors are increasingly to standardize and improve, while the influence of the Party of Justice is embodied in prosecutors management and some other aspects.In the fourth chapter, the author discusses the general criminal cases and function of procuratorial agencies in civil proceedings. In this part the author neatens the changes and duty performances of the prosecutors in Nanjing National Government, from which we can see that the prosecutorial system in Nanjing National Government is to adapt to the social surroundings of China, and the author finds out that the reasons leading to this modulation and makes an attempt to explain the procuratorial system has been localized. After that the author demonstrate the positive role of prosecutorial competence which includes promoting judicial justice and judicial civilization through relevant examples and statistics.In the fifth chapter, the author expounds the relevance among vetting, prosecutors and polices, and dissects the linkage between the procuratorial system and other judicial departments, which reveals that the system has an impact on the judiciary and other justice sector by check when it is in process.In the sixth Chapter, the author summarizes the historical characters, working efficiency and shortcomings of the procuratorial system, analyses the factors which constrains this system to make greater achievement, and narrates the historical value of this system in Nanjing National Government.By sections discussed above, the article tries to explain the achievements of the procuratorial system of Nanjing National Government in institution building and authorities using. At the same time, this article discovers that the procuratorial system had some characters like De-Baathification and localization. The building and development of the procuratorial system enhanced the concept of justice, improved the efficiency of handling cases, safeguarded social welfare, and promoted the development of Chinese modern judicial civilization; on the other hand, due to the influence of traditional culture and judicial funding, this procuratorial system, based on the principle of power separation and trail controlling, was determined to encounter obstacles and mutation.更多还原