【作者】 郭甲腾；

【导师】 吴立新；

【作者基本信息】 东北大学 ， 采矿工程， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 在城市地下空间工程、地质勘察与岩土工程、矿山勘探与开采工程中,常涉及自然实体(如地层、断层、矿体、围岩)、人工实体(露天坑、巷道、地铁)等多种类型的地(质)矿(山)三维实体。目前,国际上主要采用独立、静态的方式进行三维建模与可视化,模型之间并未建立几何与语义上的联系,难以满足露采坑集成设计、动态采掘分析、危岩体预警等地矿工程设计与分析应用问题。因此,地矿空间实体三维集成建模的理论方法以及基于实体模型的空间分析与应用技术(简称地矿三维集成建模与空间分析应用)已成为当前数字矿山、数字城市、数字岩土等地学领域的前沿课题,是三维地理信息技术、虚拟现实技术与城市、矿山及地质应用的交叉热点。本文面向地矿工程的应用需求,就地矿实体的耦合集成方法、动态更新技术、多尺度栅格转换与表达、拓扑空间关系分析等关键技术问题进行了研究探索与应用实验。主要研究内容和工作进展有：(1)基于空间认知理论,针对典型地矿空间环境,对空间实体进行了分类与特征分析；针对地矿空间数据的不同来源与获取方法进行了源数据特征分析与分类;在此基础上,介绍了城市与矿山空间建模不同类型的数据来源,针对勘探钻孔与地质剖面两类典型数据来源,分别介绍了其数据结构设计与预处理方法。(2)针对不同应用目标、不同数据来源的地矿空间建模进行了分类,指出设计与重建的区别,完善了地矿空间实体建模的概念与内涵,归纳总结了地矿空间设计实体与实测实体的建模方法分类体系；分析了地矿空间模型集成的现实意义与方法现状,提出采用布尔运算实现模型集成与更新的思想,从更普适的层面提出一套以三角形为基本构模单元、适用于多种3D矢量空间数据模型的体与体、面与面、面与体模型之间的布尔算法,并结合露天坑集成设计、基坑开挖模拟、矿体切割分析等应用进行了实例分析。(3)针对矿山资源量估算、岩土有限元分析中的地矿实体模型网格单元生成问题,提出一种基于三轴向扫描的栅格剖分算法(TAS),解决了含孔洞复杂实体模型的矢栅转换问题；面向多核CPU与计算集群的新型硬件架构,在串行算法基础上,采用MPI并行技术设计了一种基于八叉树的实体模型多尺度并行剖分算法(P-TAS),解决了实体模型表面与内部的高性能多尺度栅格剖分；针对地矿领域中的地下工程开挖模拟与动态掘进仿真需求,提出一种基于多尺度栅格的实体模型布尔算法。(4)针对地学空间实体的拓扑关系分析问题,基于数字拓扑理论和9-I拓扑分析框架,提出了三维栅格表达地矿空间实体的内部、边界和邻域的特征、定义与表达方法,将9交拓扑关系分析模型由矢量向栅格扩展、由2D向3D扩展,提出一种适用于三维栅格实体拓扑关系分析的K6N9-I模型,给出了12种典型、60种可能的细化拓扑关系映射矩阵及语义描述,并开发出拓扑关系计算分析实验系统,基于SQL数据库查询语言实现并验证了栅格实体拓扑关系的定量计算和定性分析。(5)基于本文提出的地矿空间实体模型集成与更新、三维矢栅转换与表达、拓扑空间分析等方法,采用面向对象分析与三维可视化软件设计技术,在地上下三维集成建模软件平台基础上,分别针对城市与矿山应用开发了两款空间集成建模与分析平台软件,介绍了软件的架构设计、用户界面与特色功能,结合实际数据给出了金属矿山、煤矿山、岩土工程的集成建模与分析应用案例,并详细介绍了巷道顶板危岩体的三维建模与稳定性分析、地下开挖工程的动态掘进模拟与仿真及岩土工程基坑设计与开挖土方计算三个应用典型。更多还原

【Abstract】 In urban underground space engineering, geological survey and geotechnical engineering, mining exploration and exploitation engineering, we often deal with various types of geological and mining spatial entities, such as natural entities (e.g. stratum, fault, ore body, country rock etc.), artificial entities (e.g. open pit, tunnel, subway etc.). Currently, independent and static modeling and visualization methods are adopted to reconstruct 3D models of geo-entities, by which geometrical and sematic relationships between different types of models cannot be constructed. These kinds of modeling methods can hardly satisfy engineering application demands of geological and mining design and analysis, such as integrated open pit design, dynamic excavation analysis and dangerous rock mass early warning etc.Therefore, theories and methods for 3D geo-objects integrated modeling, spatial analysis and application technologies based on geo-entity model have become frontier topics of several geosciences domains such as digital mine, digital city and digital geotechnical engineering, and also an intersected hot-spot of 3D geographical information technology, virtual reality technology in city, mine and geology applications. In this paper, orienting to demands of mining and geology engineering applications, we mainly conducted researches and application experiments on integrating methods, dynamic updating technology, multi-scale grid transformation and representation, topological spatial relationship analysis for geo-objects. The main research contents and progresses of this paper are listed below:(1) Based on spatial cognition theory, spatial entities in typical geological and mining environments were firstly classified by their characteristics; then, geological and mining source data were classified according to different kinds of source and adoption methods. Based on classifications of geo-entity and source data, different types of data source for city and mine 3D spatial modeling were introduced. Lastly, the data structure design and pre-processing methods for two kinds of typical source data (exploration borehole and geological section) were introduced in detail.(2) Geological and mining 3D spatial modeling were classified according to different application targets and data sources; the difference between 3D design and reconstruction were presented; the concept and connotation of geological and mining spatial entity modeling were improved; modeling methods classification system of designed entities and measured entities were generalized and abstracted. After the analysis on practical significance and methods status of 3D integrated geo-objects modeling, a novel method for model integration and update based on 3D Boolean operations was adopted, which can be widely adapted to different kinds of 3D vector spatial data models, which are composed of fundamental triangles. This method contains 3D Boolean operations between binary volumes, binary surfaces, binary surface and volume model. This 3D integrated modeling method were applied to practical engineering examples, such as integrated open pit design, rock pit excavation simulation and split analysis of ore bodies.(3) Orienting to 3D grid unit generation demands in mine resources estimation and geotechnical finite element analysis, a ternary axes scan algorithm (TAS) for 3D grid tessellation was proposed to resolve the vector-grid transformation problem for complex geo-entity model. Based on TAS, a parallel TAS algorithm (P-TAS), which can run on the new multi-core CPU and high performance computer cluster, was designed for transforming 3D vector model to grid model with Octree structure, using MPI parallel techniques, which resolved the multi-scale tessellation for the surface and interior of geo-entity model with high performance. Furthermore, the Boolean algorithm for 3D geo-entities represented with multi-scale grid was designed for simulation of underground engineering excavation and dynamic mining exploration process.(4) Orienting to application demands of topological spatial relationship analysis for geo-entities, the theoretical foundation and application availability of topological spatial relationship research for three dimensional geo-entities in raster space are discussed. Based on digital topology theory and 9-1 topological analysis framework, the characteristic, definition and representation methods of the interior, boundary and k-order neighborhoods are proposed furthermore. By expanding topological analysis 9-1 model from vector to raster and from 2D to 3D, a new 9-intersection model named as k-order 6 neighborhoods model (K6N9-I) was proposed, which can be applied to topological analysis for 3D raster entity. Twelve typical topological relations and sixty possible topological relations defined by K6N9-I model were enumerated in detail. The computation method for topological query and analysis based on relation database query language SQL (Structured Query Language) was introduced, and the qualitative representation and the quantitative computation methods of geo-entity’s topological relations in 3D raster space are realized in the experimental software.(5) Based on serials of methods on model integration and update,3D vector-raster transformation and representation, topological spatial analysis for geo-objects proposed in this paper, the object oriented analysis and 3D visualized software design technology were adopted in developing the fundamental platform for 3D integrated modeling software. Orienting to city geology and mine application demands, two application software were developed for geotechnical and mining integrated modeling and analysis. The software schema, user interface and typical functions were introduced. Several practical application examples of metal mine, coal mine and geotechnical engineering integrated modeling and analysis were introduced. Three typical applications, including lane roof different rock mass 3D modeling and stability analysis, underground excavation engineering dynamic tunneling simulation, geotechnical engineering pit design and excavation earthwork computation, were introduced in detail.更多还原