哈尼语窝尼话研究

【作者】 杨艳；

【导师】 江荻； 潘悟云；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 中国少数民族语言文学， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 窝尼话是哈尼语的一种方言,属于汉藏语系藏缅语族彝语支,是一种分析性语言,使用者有5000多人。本文采用系统功能类型学的理论框架,综合运用现代语言学的基本理论、方法,对新平县亚尼街道勒达村窝尼话的语音、语法结构及其特点进行了较为全面、系统、深入的共时描写与分析。全文共分十章。第一章绪论。本章简要介绍了窝尼支系的渊源、生活现状及其语言使用现状,回顾并简要评述了前人对窝尼话的研究情况,阐述了本文研究所采用的理论框架和研究方法,研究意义和研究价值,说明了本文的语料来源。第二章语音。对窝尼话的辅音音位系统、元音音位系统、声调与声调模式、音节结构、连读变调、语流音变等作了详细的描写和说明。并将新平县勒达窝尼话语音与其他地方的作了比较。第三章词汇。介绍了窝尼话的传统词汇,包括表示身体部位、器官、服饰、度量单位、季候、亲属称谓等方面的词汇。特别对单纯词和合成词进行了分析与描写。并介绍了窝尼话中的彝语借词和汉语借词。第四章实词。从语法功能来看,窝尼话的实词包括名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词、量词、副词等七类。本章对各词类的语法特点、功能进行了详细描写。除此之外,还介绍了名词的数、性,名词的指大和指小表示法;双音节指示代词中间插入名词、省略前一个音节或后一个音节的用法;疑问代词的非疑问用法;形容词的重叠形式及其在句法中的功能;动词拷贝名词前或后一个音节而产生的动名同形现象等。第五章虚词。详细叙述了助词、连词、语气词和感叹词等的语法功能和特征。第六章句法标记。本章描写了体词性标记、谓词性标记、动词的自动态和使动态、相互态、反身态、被动态,以及动词的趋向和名词化标记等。第七章短语结构。描写了窝尼话中的并列短语、偏正短语、主谓短语、述宾短语、述补短语、连谓短语和同位短语等七种。重点描写各种短语的构成成分和结构顺序。第八章句法成分与句子。介绍窝尼话中的各种句子成分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等,并探讨各种句法成分的构成单位。描写、分析了陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句等简单句式,以及表示并列、顺承、递进、选择、因果、假设、转折等关系的复句。第九章窝尼话的语言接触及衰变。分析了新平县亚尼街道勒达、岔河两个村窝尼话的使用人数减少、母语使用能力降低、使用范围缩小,语音发生变化,借词数量增多、窝-汉合成词数量增多,语法变化等现象,指出窝尼话属于急促衰变,并处在衰变的晚期。第十章哈尼语的分类与窝尼话的地位。在现有哈尼语方言分类的基础上,将新平窝尼话的音系、100核心词汇分别与哈雅方言代表点绿春大寨哈尼话、碧卡方言代表点墨江菜园碧约话和豪白方言代表点墨江水癸豪尼话进行比较,得出新平窝尼话属于豪白方言,新平勒达窝尼土语的结论。同时,论述了几个代表点中元音的演变,以及只在窝尼话中出现的几个辅音的来源。附录部分是3000分类词汇表、长篇语料和自然对话。本文的研究意义在于:(1)窝尼人人口较少,而且目前35岁以下的年轻人已转用汉语,窝尼话面临消亡的危险,因此对窝尼话进行抢救式记录、描写显得十分必要而紧迫。(2)对窝尼话进行较系统、全面的共时描写,有助于认识和了解这一语言语音、词汇、语法的共时面貌、共时特点以及历时演变情况。(3)本文对语言接触的研究,尤其是语言接触背景下的音变、词汇结构等语法特点的研究具有一定参考价值。(4)文中所记录的书面语料有助于保存濒临消亡的窝尼话,并提高窝尼人学习、传承自己语言、文化的意识。本文的创新点:研究内容的创新。对窝尼话进行研究的成果寥寥无几。本文采集第一手语料,首次对窝尼话进行较为全面、系统、深入的描写,并对几种哈尼语方言之间的语音演变进行了探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 Woni is a variety of Hani language, in Yi Branch, Tibeto-Burman Group, Sina-Tibetan Family, spoken by more than 5000 people in Yunnan Province. It is an analytical language. This dissertation offers a comprehensive and in-depth description of the variety spoken in Leda village, Yani district of Xinping County, Yuxi City, from typological and functional perspectives. The dissertation consists of ten chapters.Chapter 1 introduces the geographical distribution and the ethnological background of Woni speakers, the previous researches on the language, the status quo of language use, data collection and research methodology.Chapter 2 introduces phonology system of Woni language, including consonants, vowels, tones, syllables, tone sandhi, and a comparison among Woni varieties of different regions is carried out.Chapter 3 is about words. Basic and traditional words in Woni language are introduced, such as words referring to body parts, organs, costumes, measurement units, seasons, and kinship terms. Particularly, a detailed description is given to word formation. Finally, the loanwords from Yi language and local Chinese are presented.Chapter 4 discusses content words, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, classifiers and adverbs. Detailed description and analysis about semantic and syntactic functions are given to each class. Besides that, some characteristics in some classes are highlighted, such as the number and genders of nouns, the insert of noun or noun phrase between a two syllable demonstrative pronoun, the general reference of interrogative pronouns, the reduplication of adjectives, the same morphology of nouns and verbs,and so on.Chapter 5 studies functional words, including particles, conjunctions, modal particles, and interjections. The syntactical functions of these words are discussed.Chapter 6 mainly introduces morphology markings, such as nominal markings, verbal markings, nominalization markings, causative markings, reflexive markings, passive markings directional markings and so on.Chapter 7 presents phrases. The phrases differ in components and word orders, showing different logical and semantic relationships, such as coordinate, subject-predicate, predicate-object, predicate-complement, serial verbs and appositives.Chapter 8 deals with mood, constituents of simple sentences, and complex sentences. The part of mood presents declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentences, and exclamatory sentence. The constituents of simple sentence are subject, predicate, object, attributive, adverbial and complement. The part of complex sentences mainly discusses relative clauses and subordinate clauses.Chapter 9 focuses on the language contact and the decline of Woni language. In the villages of Leda and Chahe, the number of people who can use Woni is dropping, the capability of using the language is reducing, and the domain of using the language is diminishing. Linguistically, there are changes in phonological and grammatical systems, the number of local Han is increasing, and many Woni-Han words appeared. Based on these changes, a conclusion is drawn that Woni language declines promptly and is in the last stage of declining.Chapter 10 studies the classification of Hani dialects and the position of Woni. The phonologies and 100 Swadesh words of Dazhai village in Luchun county, Caiyuan village of Mojiang, Shuigui village of Mojiang and Leda village of Xinping are compared, and the chain changes of some vowels in dialects of these regions are discussed. Lastly, the origins of several consonants only appeared in Woni language are studied.Two corpora are listed in the appendix part, one is the corpus of vocabulary, and the other is corpus of stories and dialogues.This research is of value to the followings:(1) it is urgent to document and describe this endangered language since the number of Woni speakers is few and young people have shifted to local Han.(2) It is helpful in developing insights on synchronic and diachronic features of Woni language.(3) It is valuable on the research of language contact, particularly on loanwords, the changes of sounds and grammar caused by language contact.(4) The documentation of Woni language can not only be available for future generations, but also be helpful in improving Woni people’s awareness of studying and transmitting their language and culture.The innovation of this dissertation is that just a few studies had been done on Woni language, and this research firstly offers a more systematical and in-depth decription by taking first-handed materials from fieldworks, and giving a diachronically discussion about sound changes among four dialects.更多还原