【作者】 王霆；

【导师】 李建英；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 在以往奥运科技攻关项目研究的基础上,采用对原始脑电图非线性动力学分析、脑波超慢涨落参数分析等技术,长期系统地对中国备战奥运会的集训队,以及备战全运会的山西省专业队进行跟踪研究。进一步深化认识射击射箭项目运动员中枢机能的基本特征,为提高射击射箭项目科学化训练奠定了一定基础。开展了以下内容的研究：(1)气手枪运动员负荷状态下特定脑区脑电复杂度变化特征的研究；(2)优秀射箭运动员中枢疲劳状态下脑电非线性参数特征的研究；(3)优秀射箭运动员倒立训练后脑电非线性参数及脑功能变化特征的研究；(4)中国射箭队备战第17届仁川亚运会不同训练阶段脑电非线性参数的研究。(1)通过对24名气手枪运动员无负荷安静状态与有负荷实弹射击状态之间特定脑区脑电复杂度参数为研究对象,将两种状态下以及优劣成绩环值下运动员顶、枕区大脑生理状态出现的差异进行对比研究,探讨优秀气手枪运动员负荷状态下作为躯体感觉中枢与视觉中枢的大脑顶、枕区机能变化特点。研究表明：气手枪运动员特定脑区脑电复杂度在不同状态下并不存在性别差异,而长期的专项训练使得高水平运动员大脑中枢神经已产生一定的适应性,对视觉的依赖性少于普通运动员。不同运动等级的运动员在射击过程中的瞄准击发阶段与两弹间歇阶段顶枕区脑电复杂度变化趋势是不同的,这有可能与运动员的训练水平以及对外界刺激的抗干扰能力相关。在实弹射击环境下,气手枪运动员高环值与远弹之间特定脑区脑电复杂度存在着显著的差异,这种差异的存在一方面是由于视觉信息加工参与产生的负向作用,另一方面也说明运动员大脑顶区(手指在大脑皮层的投射区)的脑电复杂度在击发阶段显著降低与射击成绩的好坏具有一定程度关联。(2)对12名备战北京奥运会的国家射箭队运动员脑电信号的最大李雅普诺夫指数、近似熵与复杂度等三个非线性特征参数进行分析,为研究大脑的高级功能提供了一条新的途径。其结果表明：参与实验的优秀射箭运动员大脑脑电非线性参数在男女运动员之间并不存在显著的性别差异；其中脑电Lempel-Ziv复杂度能够在一定程度上敏感地反映出被试运动员在测试阶段是否处于中枢神经系统疲劳状态,脑电近似熵这一非线性参数则可以在某种程度上反映出参与测试的优秀射箭运动员在冬训备战阶段中训练负荷量与负荷强度的变化。虽然由于参加实验的运动员数量及规模并不大,但在实验中脑电最大李雅普诺夫指数、近似熵和Lempel-Ziv复杂度三个非线性特征参数与中枢神经疲劳程度之间存在着一定相关关系,对于分析和监测射箭运动员中枢神经系统疲劳程度,这是一种非常有效的方法,可作为反映其中枢神经系统机能的定性指标。(3)通过对24名优秀射箭运动员倒立状态前后脑电非线性参数为研究对象,将倒立状态下运动员大脑功能及心理状态出现的各种变化进行对比研究,探讨从事专业训练的优秀射箭运动员中枢机能改善问题。本研究对24名被试运动员进行不同时间倒立训练的脑电实时测试,得到以下结果：当运动员进行5min倒立训练后,坐姿恢复双侧枕区的α频段导频百分比与倒立体位下有显著差异；复杂度和近似熵两个脑电非线性参数以及6种全脑中枢神经递质与坐姿恢复状态的表现均有显著差异(P<0.05)。8周倒立训练后运动员脑电复杂度、近似熵、抑制介质(INH)、5羟色氨(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、兴奋介质(EXC)、SCL-90总分均与倒立训练前都有显著变化(P<0.05)。研究表明：1.两种倒立时间的对比可以看出3min倒立训练的刺激效果并不明显,而在5min中倒立训练中,坐姿初始状态与坐姿恢复状态的部分脑电非线性参数与全脑神经递质指标出现显著变化。2.倒立状态持续5min后,体位变化刺激使枕区的α频段导频百分比显著增高,脑电非线性参数与全脑中枢神经递质指标出现显著变化。这可以看做是由于体位和脑血流速度变化而产生的良性改变。3.八周的倒立训练可以使使全脑神经递质中的5羟色氨、多巴胺有显著增加,SCL-90总分显著降低。实验结果表明对优秀射箭运动员进行定期定量的倒立训练对缓解其负荷训练后产生的不良情绪,不适症状作用明显；同时随着倒立训练时间的延长,对改善运动员睡眠的有利效应更为明显。(4)以24名国家射箭集训队优秀射箭运动员为测试对象,引入脑电非线性分析的研究理论与方法,运用脑波诱导技术来探讨国家射箭集训队运动员备战第17届亚运会不同训练阶段中枢机能变化的规律。本研究对24名被试运动员亚运会选拔赛前进行不同训练阶段的脑电实时测试,得到以下结果：亚运会选拔赛前的三个训练阶段测试中,冬训中期的顶枕区a频段功率值较冬训开始和亚运会选拔赛前两个训练阶段显著降低(P<0.05)。冬训中期运动员5-HT水平出现明显的上升趋势,而DA水平则有所下降(P<0.05)。冬训中期及亚运会选拔赛前阶段,被试运动员脑电非线性参数均出现下降趋势,并且上述两阶段Lempel-Ziv复杂度均显著低于冬训开始阶段(P<0.05)。对最终参赛的8名运动员脑波诱导训练后脑电测试结果显示：8名参赛运动员综合放松度测试值始终呈上升趋势;脑内DA平均值有所提高,5-HT平均值则出现了下降,脑电Lempel-Ziv复杂度平均值上升。8名运动员匹兹堡睡眠质量指数、SAS得分和SCL-90总分在30天的脑波诱导训练后均有不同程度的改善。上述研究结果表明：国家射箭集训队在亚运会选拔赛前不同训练阶段中脑电非线性参数的变化与其训练负荷强度及负荷量的变化有关联。国家射箭集训队运动员大脑中枢神经递质的变化在亚运会选拔赛前的变化最为明显。脑波诱导训练在改善备战亚运会的8名国家射箭队运动员大脑中枢机能与大脑高级功能方面具有一定效果及可操作性。更多还原

【Abstract】 On the basis of previous Olympic technology research project, using the original EEG nonlinear dynamics analysis and brain super-slow fluctuation parameter analysis technology, this study did a long-term systematic tracking analysis of national Olympic training team athletes as well as provincial professional team athletes who prepare for the National Games.This study deepens the understanding of basic characteristics of shoot archery athletes’ central function, which improves the shooting archery scientific training.This thesis carried out the following researches:1.Research on the Characteristics of the EEG Complexity in Particular Brain Areas of Excellent Air Pistol Athletes with Training Load. 2. Application of Non-Linear Dynamics Analysis of EEG for the Research on Central Fatigue of Excellent Chinese Archers.3.The Impact of Handstand Training on the Nonlinear Parameters of EEG and Brain Function about Excellent Archers.4.Nonlinear analysis of the EEG parameters of the National Archery Team of China preparing for the 17th Asian Games in Incheon at different training stages.1.This paper, with the EEG complexity in certain brain areas of 24 excellent air pistol athletes in unloaded and static state vs loaded and actual shooting state, a study of the difference in the physiological state of the brain at the top and Cerebral occipital areas of the athletes in these two states and with high or low scores, explores the change of functional characteristics of the parietal lobe and occipital Lobe ---the sensory and visual center of the body--- of these athletes in loaded state. Conclusion: There is no sex-related difference in EGG complexity in certain brain areas of the air pistol athletes; long-term training has led to the growth of a certain adaptability of the central nervous system of a high-level athlete, with less reliance on vision than ordinary athletes. Athletes of different levels show different trends of variation of EGG complexity in the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe during the period of aiming and the intervals between two shoots --- this may be attributable to the difference of athletes’training level and ability to resist external disturbance. There exists remarkable difference of EGG complexity in certain brain areas of air pistol athletes having hit a high value scoring ring or having missed the target. On the one hand, this difference is partly due to the negative role played by the participation of visual information processing; on the other one hand, it also shows that the noted decrease of the EGG complexity in the athlete’s parietal lobe (the projection area of fingers in the cerebral area) has some link to the scores.2.This study is aimed to provide a new method for researching the cerebral function and is based on the analysis of the three nonlinear parameters (maximum Lyapunov exponents, approximate entropy and Lempel-Ziv complexity of EEG) to 12 national archers preparing for the 29th Beijing Olympic Games. It is revealed in the study that:there are not remarkable differences between male and female in the three nonlinear parameters (maximum Lyapunov exponents, approximate entropy and Lempel-Ziv complexity of EEG) referring to national archers’. Lempel-Ziv complexity can sensitively reflect whether archers are in the state of central fatigue. Approximate entropy can be more sensitive to reflect the change of outstanding archers’training load in two different stages. The number of archers in this experiment is limited, but it has a certain relationship between central fatigue degree and the three nonlinear parameters (maximum Lyapunov exponents, approximate entropy and Lempel-Ziv complexity of EEG).It is a very effective method to analyze and monitor archers’central fatigue degree, and it can be used as qualitative indexes to reflect the central nervous system function.3.The research is aimed at discussing the recovery of athletes’central nerves in shooting and archery events, which is based on the theories and methods on various changes of human body in handstand position.24 excellent archery athletes who are still in training are tested in the research. The following conclusions are drawn from the real time testing of EEG of 24 archery athletes in handstand training with different durations:there is a significant difference of the percentage of PCF on a band in bilateral occipital region between the position of normal state and handstand after 5 min handstand training. And two nonlinear parameters of EEG--the approximate entropy and Lempel-Ziv complexity, and six neurotransmitters of whole brain are also greatly different from the performance in the state recovered from the training (P<0.05). The approximate entropy and Lempel-Ziv complexity of EEG, INH,5-HT, DA, NE, EXC, total score of SCL-90 also changed significantly, compared to that of the archery athletes before the handstand training 8 weeks ago. The research indicates that:Firstly, the stimulation of 3 min handstand training is not obvious. While in the 5 min training, there is a striking change on part of Nonlinear Parameters of EEG and index of neurotransmitters of whole brain between the original state and recovery state from the training. Secondly, after 5 min handstand training, because of different body positions, the percentage of PCF on a band at occipital increased dramatically, and the nonlinear parameters of EEG as well as the index of neurotransmitters of whole brain changed significantly, which could be treated as the positive changes caused by different body positions and CBFV (cerebral blood flow velocity).Thirdly, eight-week-handstand training could increase 5-HT and DA greatly, and decrease total score of SCL-90 remarkably in neurotransmitters of whole brain, which show that handstand training could ease the negative mood, relieve symptoms and improve sleeping quality. And those favorable effects will be more obvious with extension of the handstand training time.4.This study, with the 24 excellent archers of the Chinese archery training team as its subjects, with the nonlinear analysis of the EEG introduced as its research theory and method, is an effort to use the brainwave inductive technology to explore the regular pattern of the change of centrum of the archers of Chinese team training for the 17th Asian Game at different training periods. The real-time EEG test of the 24 archers at different stages of training before the tryout for the 17th Asian Games revealed that:during the three training stages before the tryout, halfway through the winter training period the awave ban power value at parieto occipital region showed a remarkable decline (P<0.05) compared with the vale in the beginning of the winter season training and that just before the tryout. During the intermediate stage of the winter training, the 5-HT levels of the archers showed a noticeable tendency to rise, and their DA fell to some extent (P<0.05). During the intermediate stage of the winter training and the training stage just before the trial, the nonlinear EGG parameters of these tested archers showed a downward tendency, and the complexity degree of Lempel-Ziv during these two stages was noticeably lower than that shown in the beginning of the winter training (P<0.05). The EEG test of the 8 archers who finally competed in the 17th Asian Games and who received brainwave inductive training showed that:the tested degree of their relaxation showed a steady tendency to go up; their brain DA average rose to some extent, while their 5-HT average fell, and their Lempel-Ziv complexity average rose. After the 30-day brainwave inductive training, the 8 archers all showed varying degrees of improvement in the PSQI, SAA points and the SCL-90 total points. Above mentioned research findings reveal that:The change of the nonlinear EEG parameters of the National Archery Team of China training before the tryout for the 17th Asian Games was linked to the intensity of training and the intensity changes. The change of neurotransmitters in the centrums of the Chinese Training Team was most noticeable before the tryout for the Asian Games. The brainwave inductive training was effective and operable to some degree in improving the centrum functions and higher cerebral functions of the 8 Chinese archers training for the 17th Asian Games.更多还原