滨海旅游可持续发展的基本框架与典型类型研究

【作者】 徐福英；

【导师】 马波；

【作者基本信息】 青岛大学 ， 人口、资源与环境经济学， 2015， 博士

【副题名】以山东滨海为例

【摘要】 滨海地区经济社会发展程度高,旅游吸引物丰富多样,产业要素齐全,一直是中国旅游业发展最活跃的地区。但过分追求经济效益的高频度、高强度和高密度旅游开发以及滨海地区的多产业集聚,也引发了一系列的生态问题,危及滨海旅游业可持续发展。山东滨海地区是山东省主要的旅游目的地和产业要素聚集区,且在山东半岛蓝色经济区建设中,滨海旅游业也被确立为八大优势产业之一,发展前景广阔。但在快速发展的同时,山东滨海旅游业也凸显出诸多生态问题,影响其可持续发展。通过梳理国内外相关文献发现,与国外相比,国内滨海旅游可持续发展的研究主要集中在一般性对策探讨上,缺乏对基础理论框架的探讨,更鲜见对不同滨海旅游类型可持续发展特殊性的研究。基于此,本文运用逻辑推理法,从滨海旅游可持续发展的共性出发,构建了滨海旅游生态系统(CTES)的基本框架,并以此为基础,重点分析滨海自然保护区、海岛、城市岸线三种典型类型旅游业可持续发展的特殊机理与关键技术,具体如下:首先,通过对中国旅游业、滨海旅游业及山东沿海地区旅游业发展中生态问题的观察与反思以及相关研究成果的梳理与评价,界定了滨海自然生态系统(CNES)、滨海旅游基础生态系统(CTFES)和滨海旅游生态系统(CTES)三个重要概念。在此基础上,从系统要素及要素间的关系出发,构建了滨海旅游生态系统(CTES)的一般框架,阐述了其运行机制,从而建立了滨海旅游可持续发展的基本框架。其次,在基本框架的基础上,依据中国滨海旅游发展热点和山东滨海旅游发展实践,归纳出滨海旅游发展中的三种典型地域类型——滨海自然保护区、海岛和城市岸线,并对每种类型旅游可持续发展的特殊性进行了深入研究:滨海自然保护区的自然性特征最为显著,资源稀缺程度高,保护对象多样,在维护物种多样性、维持区域生态平衡等方面意义重大,其存在体现国家意志和人类社会公共福利。上述CTFES的特殊性决定了其旅游需求的自然性、专项性、高品位性和对接待要素的低要求,旅游供给的生态性,且旅游开发不居于主位、供给量主要取决于自然环境承载力。基于此,论文从滨海自然保护区的功能演变出发,在阐释其旅游发展动力的基础上,从内、外两个层面分析旅游发展给保护区带来的具体增量及其对CTFES的影响:内部增量主要是旅游者及围绕旅游者建设的少量旅游设施,对保护区CNES的负面影响主要体现在环境污染和生态破坏两方面;外部增量主要是保护区外围的周边社区由于接待旅游者而增加的要素,包括旅游产业要素、外来文化与观念以及排放的各类污染物,对CTFES的经济、生态、社会文化产生正负两方面的影响。cnes是滨海自然保护区旅游发展的前提和基础,故其旅游可持续发展的关键在于维持保护区内部的自然生态平衡,而要实现这种平衡,必须关注保护区内部的功能分区、环境容量测算与管理。在此基础上,论文进一步探讨了滨海自然保护区具体的功能分区模式和环境容量测算与管理方法。海岛是一个相对独立的滨海地域类型,其地理位置独特、自然环境优越、生态系统脆弱、社会文化落后、经济结构单一,且淡水、土地资源极其匮乏,基础设施条件落后。这些ctfes的特殊性决定了海岛旅游需求的季节性、空间的完整性、产品的专项性与高端性,也导致旅游供给的外部依赖程度高、投资成本高、经济风险大,且面临更大范围和更广程度的社区参与要求。基于这种判断,论文从海岛人地关系的演进过程和旅游发展动因出发,以旅游者的多元身份为主线,从产业要素、资源消耗、污染物排放和外来文化引入四个方面分析了旅游发展给海岛ctfes带来的各项具体增量及其对海岛环境、资源、经济和社会文化子系统的影响。海岛旅游需求与供给的特殊性及其影响分析表明,实现可持续发展关键在于保证旅游业的劳动生产率高于海岛其它产业,即塑造和提升海岛旅游的产业竞争优势。而这种优势的获得,一方面要维持和提升海岛旅游环境条件,另一方面要确保旅游业对海岛的经济贡献度。因此,论文认为严格的评估与监控是海岛旅游可持续发展的关键技术,并对其评估与监控的范围、思路、内容及数据采集方法等进行了针对性探讨。城市岸线的人工性特征最为突出,社会经济文化发展程度高,生产与生活功能的复合性强,承载力水平高。这种ctfes的特殊性决定了岸线旅游需求的大众性与多元性明显,且需求主体的二元性特征突出,旅游供给具有产品多样化、供给主体多元化和多产业相融合的“全域”性特征。以此为基础,论文从城市岸线的功能转变出发,阐述旅游业发展的动因,并从真正增量(增加的外来旅游者和新建的旅游接待设施)和名义增量(对原有岸线资源、要素、产业的旅游新利用)两个方面分析其对ctfes的影响。分析表明,岸线旅游的可持续发展除考虑生态问题外,还需要考虑岸线整体社会经济系统的优化,其中如何实现旅游业与其它产业的协同是关键所在。而产业协同发展的前提在于实现旅游业与其他产业的融合与嵌入,并在其他产业中增添旅游新功能,从而创造新的产业体系。因此,论文认为产业融合是城市岸线旅游可持续发展的关键技术,并对具体的融合模式进行了探讨。结合上述理论分析,依据山东滨海旅游业发展的实际情况,论文选取了黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区、烟台长岛和青岛西海岸经济新区三个代表性滨海旅游目的地进行案例研究,分别对滨海自然保护区、海岛、城市岸线旅游业可持续发展的机理与关键技术进行验证,并根据各自旅游业发展中存在的具体问题提出了针对性建议。最后,论文从总体策略、地域类型策略和技术策略三方面对山东滨海旅游可持续发展的实现进行了对策研究。从系统论的角度看,滨海旅游业的发展具有一定的共性,即CTES都是在CTFES的基础上添加了旅游者和旅游业而构成的社会经济复合大系统。要实现该系统的可持续发展,就要充分发挥“旅游”要素对系统内其他要素的正反馈作用,这就需要找到系统运行的动力,构建和谐的合作模式,并实施严格的监控、科学的评价以及建立合理的生态补偿机制。同时,由于不同滨海地区的CTFES不同,功能定位各异,必然导致其旅游可持续发展的要求、机理和关键技术的特殊性:对于以保护为主要功能的滨海自然保护区,要实施“深绿”发展战略,发展生态旅游,实施保护性开发,维持保护区的自然生态平衡;在空间相对独立、资源匮乏、社会经济相对落后的海岛地区,则要以“中绿”发展战略为指导,发展高端、专项的度假旅游,提高旅游业比较劳动生产率;对人工化特征明显的广大城市岸线地区,则可以实施“浅绿”式的发展,适度提高开发强度,加强旅游业与其他产业的融合与嵌入,实现岸线产业的协同发展。只有将共性与特殊性内在地统一起来,才能真正实现不同滨海旅游类型的可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Coastal area has been the most active areas in China’s tourism industry, because of its high degree of economic and social development, abundant tourist attractions and complete industrial elements. However, tourism development of high frequency, high strength and high density and industrial agglomeration in coastal area, led to a series of ecological issues, which will endanger the sustainable development of coastal tourism.As a major tourist destination and industry factors accumulation area, coastal area has always been a top priority in Shandong province tourism industrial distribution. Moreover, coastal tourism has also been established one of the eight dominant industries in the Shandong peninsula blue economic zone, will have a wide development prospect.Accompanying with the rapid development of tourism industry, a series of ecological issues emergences, which include the negative effect on the environment and resource. However, compared with abroad studies, domestic researches on coastal tourism sustainable development focus on the countermeasure researches, lack of the discussion on basic theory framework and sustainable development particularity of different types of coastal tourism.According to the above, this paper builds a general framework of coastal tourism ecosystem by using logical deduction method, which bases on the generality analysis of sustainable development of coastal tourism. And then, this paper studies the particularity, the internal mechanism and key technology of tourism sustainable development in coastal nature reserve, the island and the urban coastline.First of all, this paper defines three concepts: coastal natural ecosystem(CNES), coastal tourism fundamental ecosystem(CTFES), and coastal tourism ecosystem(CTES), through observing and reflecting the ecological problems of China’s tourism industry, coastal tourism industry and tourism industry in Shandong coastal areas, and summarizing the related literatures. Based on this, this paper builds the general framework of CTES and discusses the operational mechanism of CTES by analyzing the elements and elements relationship of CTES, and then builds the general framework of coastal tourism sustainable development.Secondly, according to the general framework, development hot spot of China’s coastal tourism and development status of Shandong’s coastal tourism, this paper sums up three typical types of coastal tourism development: coastal nature reserve, Sea Island and urban coastline. And then, this paper analyzes deeply the particularity of sustainable development of the above three types of coastal tourism.The coastal nature reserve has the following characteristics: high degree of resource scarcity,protection object diversity, and great significance of maintaining species diversity and regionalecological balance and so on. Therefore, the naturality is the most significant characteristic of coastal nature reserve, the expression of the national will and social public welfare is the existence mission of coastal nature reserve. On the one hand, the particularity of CTFES in coastal nature reserve determinates the naturality, specificity and high quality, and low requirements for reception elements of tourism demand; on the other hand, tourism product must be ecological and supply quantity depends mainly on the environment carrying capacity of reserve. Based on these, this paper analyzes the functions and tourism development dynamic system of coastal nature reserve, and then discusses the internal and external increments brought about tourism development and their influences on CTFES. Specifically speaking, internal increments mainly indicate the tourists and a few tourists’ facilities, which have negative effects on natural ecology system of reserve, including environmental pollution and ecological destruction. External increments mainly indicate the increasing factors because of entertaining tourists in peripheral communities surrounding reserve, including the tourism industrial factors, foreign culture and concepts, and all kinds of pollutant discharge, which produce both negative and positive impacts on the economic, ecological and social culture subsystem of CTFES. CNES is the premise and foundation of tourism development in coastal natural reserve.Therefore, it is the key for the sustainable development of tourism industry to maintain the natural ecological balance within coastal natural reserve, and to achieve this balance, it is necessary to pay attention to the function partition, environmental capacity calculation and management within reserve.Furthermore, the paper discusses function partition mode and calculation and management methods of environmental capacity in coastal nature reserve.As a relatively independent coastal region type, Island has unique geographical position, superior natural environment, fragile ecological system, laggard social culture and single economic structure,where fresh water, land resources are extremely scarce and infrastructure conditions are deficient. The above particularities not only determine the seasonality, space integrity, special and high-end products of tourism demand in Sea Island, but also led to high degree of external dependence, high investment cost and economic risk, wide and deep community participation of tourism supply. Based on this judgment, this paper analyzes the evolution phases of “man-land” relationship and the motivations of tourism development in Island, and then discusses the increments brought about island tourism and their influence on island environment, resources, economy and social culture subsystem from the following four aspects: industrial elements, resource consumption and pollutant emissions from industry and foreign culture invasion. Judging from the above, it is the key for the sustainable development of island tourism to guarantee that tourism industry’s labor productivity is higher than other industries in island, that is, to shape and increase competitive advantage of island tourism industry. In order to achieve the advantage, we must maintain and upgrade the island tourismenvironment conditions, supply high-end and special products, and promote the economic contribution of tourism. Therefore, the paper indicates that strict assessment and monitoring is the key technology of sustainable development of island tourism, its scope, thought, content and data collection methods will be discussed.Urban coastline has prominent artificial characteristics, high degree of social economic and cultural development, compound production and life function, and high carrying capacity. The particularities of CTFES not only determine the popularity and diversity of tourism demand and the duality of objective tourists, but also lead to the product diversification, supply subjects diversification and the "many industrial convergence” of tourism supply in urban coastline. Based on these, this paper analyzes function evolution of urban coastline and the motivations of tourism development in coastline areas, and then discusses the real and nominal increments brought about tourism and their influence on CTFES of urban coastline. The result indicates that the sustainable development of coastline tourism not only consider the ecological problems, but also pay attention to the optimization of the overall social and economic system in urban coastline. For this, we must promote the synergy between tourism industry and other industries, which premises that tourism industry must integrate and embed into other industries, or add tourism functions within other industries. Therefore, this paper indicates that industrial convergence is the key technology of the sustainable development of urban coastline tourism, and probes into concrete convergence mode.According to the above theory analysis and actual situation of coastal tourism development in Shandong, this paper takes the Yellow River delta national nature reserve, Yantai long island and west coastline economic district of Qingdao as three typical coastal tourism destination to conduct case study, respectively verify the mechanism and key technology of the sustainable development of tourism industry in coastal nature reserve, sea island and urban coastline. Besides these, some countermeasures are put forward according to their specific problems existing in the development of tourism.Finally, the paper discusses the overall strategy, regional type strategy and technology tactics of the sustainable development of coastal tourism in Shandong.In conclusion, the development of coastal tourism industry has a certain generality from the perspective of system theory, namely that the CTES is a large social-economic compound system added tourists and tourism industrial factors on the basis of CTFES. To realize the sustainable development of the CTES, we should fully utilize the positive feedback effect of the "tourism" elements on other elements. For this, we must find the dynamics of system operation, build a harmonious cooperation mode, and implement strict monitoring and scientific evaluation, and establish reasonable ecological compensation mechanism. Of course, due to different CTFES and functionorientation, the mechanism and key technology of the sustainable development of all types of coastal tourism must be particular. For coastal nature reserve, we should stick to the "deep-green" route, and take countermeasures to maintain the natural ecological balance within reserve. For Sea Island, we should implement the “mid-green” development strategy, and take positive steps to improve the comparative labor productivity. For large urban coastline, "light-green" development mode may be the best way, but we must strengthen the convergence between tourism industry and coastline other industries. Only unifying the generality and particularity internally, we can truly realize the sustainable development of different types of coastal tourism.更多还原