【作者】 张艳；

【导师】 邹红菲；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 自然保护区学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 半个多世纪以来,我国自然保护区经历了从无到有、从小到大的发展过程。快速发展的同时隐藏着诸多的质量问题,自然保护区的管理问题就是其中一个重要方面。在传统的自上而下的强制性管理模式之下,保护区与社区之间的矛盾越来越突出。社区参与理念在这样的前提下被学者们提出,并逐渐获得学术界和政府的广泛关注。尤其在当前中央大力提倡“创新社会治理体系”的背景下,倡导“以人为本”的管理理念,发展多元参与主体的管理方式、追求资源和社区共同可持续性发展的管理目标,已经成为历史的必然,是未来自然保护区管理模式的发展方向。乌苏里江是中俄界江,沿乌苏里江自然保护区的有效管理对保证当地的生态安全和国土安全具有重要作用。因此,本文的研究具有一定的现实和理论意义。2010年一2013年在沿乌苏里江的八个自然保护区进行摸底调查、问卷调查、参与观察和深度访谈。通过一手数据的收集再以位于乌苏里江上、中、下三段的三江、珍宝岛、和兴凯湖国家级自然保护区的社区作为研究对象,按照感知。态度-行为的路径调查分析了三个保护区的社区参与状况,构建并验证了社区参与行为的影响因素模型。实证研究结果表明：(1)三个保护区内社区居民在对保护区的感知、对保护区工作的参与态度和参与行为等方面有相似性也有差异性。总体来说,对保护区的感知基本呈或中立或认可的立场,参与态度比较高,但参与行为严重不足。(2)社区居民对保护区的参与态度会在一定程度上影响参与行为,对保护区的感知会通过影响参与态度来影响参与行为,但对参与行为影响最大的变量是参与机会。在实证研究的基础上,对沿乌苏里江自然保护区社区参与的现实困境进行进一步的质性研究。分析为什么影响参与行为的最大变量是参与机会,又是什么限制了参与机会和参与态度导致参与行为严重不足。本部分从制度、组织、文化和居民自身素质四个方面进行分析。分析得出的结论是：(1)现有的参与制度非常不完善,导致社区居民很难获得参与的权力空间,难以获得参与机会。并且,由于缺乏制度的保障导致实践中社区参与很难成为一种长期的管理模式。(2)沿乌苏里江自然保护区内社区的社会自治组织发育不足,缺乏能够将民间分散力量集合起来的组织机构,由此,社区参与的能力和参与的机会都受到限制。(3)从文化的角度看,沿乌苏里江自然保护区内社区公众的主体意识淡薄、公共精神缺乏,并且管理机构在一定程度依然受到传统文化的消极因素影响,这些从文化上限制了社区参与。(4)社区居民自身的文化素质、对公共知识的缺乏、参与公共事务技巧的不熟练以及弱势的社会地位都对居民的社区参与起到一定的限制作用。用博弈论的分析方法对沿乌苏里江自然保护区社区参与过程中的各利益相关者进行行为策略分析。在利益相关者识别的基础上以珍宝岛保护区的退耕还湿工程为例,对地方政府、退耕农户、保护区管理机构这三个核心利益相关者进行了博弈论分析。得出以下结论：(1)要让地方政府的最优行为策略是合理开发、合理补偿,就要增加其形象成本和被上级问责的成本以及降低参与资源保护的成本(2)要让自然保护区管理机构开展社区共管并合格地履行监督职责,就要完善保护区管理制度,进一步明确管理部门的职责,并对其加大经费投入。(3)村民要在博弈中获得利益的最大化,必须增强自身抵抗的能力和参与能力。综合以上研究成果,结合社会治理方式法制化、理念民主化和主体多元化的要求,从制度、文化、参与主体的多元角度提出了加大自然保护区社区参与的相关对策。更多还原

【Abstract】 For half a century, the natural reserves in China has gone through a developing course from simple to complex. However, there are many quality problems hidden behin the devel-opment, among which the management of the natural reserves is very prominent. Under the traditional top-down management pattern, the contradiction between the natural reserves and the communities in society becomes more and more complex. Under this conditions, the involvement of the communities was put forward by the scholars, and has gained the widespread concerns of the government. At this time, the chinese government advocates the innovative social management system, and the value of putting people first, therefore, it is necessary to develop a and pursue a goal of the sustainable development of the natural reserves and the communities, which is the direction of furure natural reserves management pattern. The Ussuri River is the border between Russia and China. Effective management of the natural reserves along the Ussuri River is vital for the safety of ecology and homeland. As a result, this paper is meaningful both in practical sense.From 2010 to 2013, the author has gone to eighit natural reserves along the Ussuri River for research and study.The author has defined three communities which respectively located in Sanjiang nature reserve, Treasure Island nature reserve and Xingkai Lake natural reserves as research objects. The research analyzes the participation condition of the three communities according to the sense-attitude-behaviors. On this basis, the reseatch structure and verify the Structural-Equation-Modeling. The foundings are as follows:(1) There are similarities and dissimilarities between the residents of three natural reserves in the sensation, attitude and behaviors. On the whole,people hold netural and possitive attitude towards the natural reserves, but their actual participation is not enough. (2)The attitude of the community residents has certain effect on their behaviors, which is achieved by the sensation towards the natural reserves. The opportunity to participation is the biggest variable.This paper further study the difficulty of the community participation of this natural reserve and study why the participation opportunity is the biggest variable to the community involvement and what limits the lack of participation. The four parts of system, organization, culture and quality of the residents are analysed. The foundings are:(1) The exsiting participation system is not perfect, making it difficult for the residents to take part. Besides, the lack of system result in the difficulty of commnuity participation becoming a long-term management pattern. (2) The organization of the natural reserves along the Ussuri River is not strong, therefore, the ability and opportunity of community participation are limited. (3) Culturally, the awareness and public spirit of the residents in the Ussuri River is weak, and the traditional culture still affects the management institutions, thus limiting the community participation. (4) The cultural quality and the knowledge of the residents is not strong,and the ability of public participation is weak, and the social status of the residents is low, all this limit the community participation.The community participation of the natural reserves along the Ussuri River is studied by the Game Theory. The stakeholders including the local government, farmers and management institutions are analysed and the foundings are:(1) If the best strategy is exploration and compensation in a proper way, then the local government should increase the image cost and decrease the cost of participating in the resourses conservation. (2) The management system of the natural resourses should be optimized, and the functions of the management sectors should be clarified, if the management institutions wants to promo to the community participation. (3) If the residents want the benefits maximization, they must enhance their participation.In conclusion, this paper proposes the methods to increaseing the community participation in the natural reserves from the perspectives of system, culture, and the people by combining with the research results and the demands of legalization of the social governance, the democracy of the conception.更多还原