【作者】 王志勇；

【导师】 赵林；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 外国哲学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文以莱布尼茨的最好可能世界理论为研究主题,这个理论是他解决恶的问题以及为上帝的正义辩护所作的努力。全文主要分为四个部分。第一章考察神义论思想的历史传承和改变,具体讨论了基督教历史上奥古斯丁和阿奎那的神义论传统,同时考察了莱布尼茨的同时代人马勒布朗士关于法则与世界秩序的观点。第二章讨论从莱布尼茨关于真理的一般本性问题入于,进而分析了偶然真理与必然真理的区分根据以及三种必然性,形而上学的必然性、假设的必然性和道德的必然性之间的分别。第三章主要讨论莱布尼茨的最好的可能世界理论,指出莱布尼茨解决神义论问题的整体结构。我们首先考察了他对上帝本质的理解以及他以理性方法证明上帝实存所作的种种努力,例如本体论证明以及利用充足理由原则所作的证明；接下来考察上帝选择并创造最好的可能世界的理由；在此基础上,讨论了最好世界中形而上学的完满性、形体的完满性和道德的完满性各自的涵义及其相互关系；最后指出,最好的世界中不仅形而上学的完满性达到了最大化,而且形体的完满性和道德的充满性都达到了最大化。第四章考察最好的可能世界中恶之所以存在的原因。我们讨论了形而上学的恶、道德的恶和形体的恶三类恶各自的本性和来源,指出它们共同的最终根源是创造物自身观念本性上的有限性,强调了莱布尼茨所说缺失是一种否定性的缺失,然后指出上帝容许恶的存在并不违背他的伟大、慈善和正义等性质。第五章特别对莱布尼茨的自由理论进行分析，指出构成自由概念的三个要索：理智、自发性和偶然性;突出强调理智对自由的可能性的重要作用；然后讨论了个体自由与谓词在主词之中原则以及自由的上帝的预知之间的融贯性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The subject of this thesis is Leibniz’s theory of the best possible world, whereby he tries to solve the problem of evil and vindicate God’s justice. The whole thesis is divided into four chapters.In the first chapter, we consider the theoretical background of theodicy, and discuss especially traditional theodicy shaped by Augustine and Thomas Aquinas in the history of Christianity. We then focus on the views of Nicholas Malebranche, Leibniz’s contemporary, concerning rules and world order.In the second chapter, we begin with Leibniz’s views on the general nature of truths, and further analysis the distinction between necessary and contingent truths as well as three kinds of necessity, namely, metaphysical, hypothetical and moral necessity.In the third chapter, we discuss Leibniz’s theory of the best possible world itself, and outline overall structure of resolving the problem of theodicy. First, we examine the divine properties and rational methods about demonstrations on God’s existence, i.e., ontological demonstration and demonstration based on the principle of sufficient reason. Next, we consider the reason for God to choose and create the best possible world, and discuss the connotations of metaphysical, physical, and moral perfections as well as their relationships. Last, we point out that the best world not only maximizes the metaphysical perfections as well as physical and moral perfections.In the fourth chapter, we consider the reason why evil exists in the best of all possible worlds, and discuss the nature and origin of the three kinds of evils, i.e., metaphysical, physical and moral evils. We point out that the limitation of ideal nature of creatures is their common origin, and emphasize that privation means negation. At last, we God’s permission of evil is not country to his greatness, charity and justice.In the fifth chapter, we examine Leibniz’s theory of freedom, and point out that there are three elements constituting the concept of freedom:intelligence, spontaneity and contingency. We emphasize that intelligence plays a great role in the possibility of freedom. Finally we discuss the way how to reconcile freedom with the predicate-in-subject principle and divine foreknowledge.更多还原