【作者】 汪新胜；

【导师】 汪进元；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 在现代违宪审查制度的发展过程中,作为直接保护公民宪法权利的宪法诉愿制度发挥着越来越重要的作用。宪法诉愿制度的确立丰富了现代基本权利救济体系,强化了基本权利对国家公权力的控制和约束,扩大了基本权利的保护范围。宪法诉愿制度起源于德国,至今已有一百五十多年的历史。特别是自二战以来近六十年,宪法诉愿制度被许多集中违宪审查型国家借鉴和效仿,在公民基本权利的保障与实施方面发挥了令人瞩目的作用,为人权的发展作出了突出贡献。全文包括导论、本论和结语三个部分,本论部分包括五章,分别从宪法诉愿的学理基础、概念与功能、程序要件、运行机制和审查基准等方面进行探讨。第一章分析了宪法诉愿的学理基础。作者认为,人性尊严与基本权利的优位性确认了人在宪法和法律上至高无上的价值地位；作为主观权利的基本权利赋予基本权利主体法上之力,以要求国家作为或不作为；有权利必有救济,没有相应的行之有效的救济机制,仅靠宪法开列的权利清单或法律的一纸规定,权利可能只是空洞的口号。第二章介绍宪法诉愿的概念与功能,宪法诉愿指私人认为其宪法上的基本权利遭到公权力的侵害,在用尽所有其它法律救济手段仍然无法消除这种侵害,而最终向特定机关提起控告以谋求救济。本章分析了宪法诉愿制度的起源与发展,其在违宪审查中的地位、特征及其宪政功能。宪法诉愿是一种直接的、特别的和例外的基本权利救济方式,它具有保障公民基本权利、制约公权力、通过个体实现公益、法的续造以及宪法教育和国家认同功能。第三章分析了宪法诉愿的程序要件,本章主要对宪法诉愿的主体、标的和用尽其他法律救济原则进行了论述。宪法诉愿的主体主要包括自然人和法人,自然人既包括本国公民,也包括外国人和无国籍人；法人主体则既有私法人,也有一定条件下的公法人。宪法诉愿的标的是公权力行为,既可以是立法行为和行政行为,也包括法院的裁判行为。用尽其他法律救济原则是宪法诉愿程序的基本原则,其功能在于统一法律秩序、减轻宪法法院负担、建立权利救济的统一体系和帮助宪法法院查清事实和法律。第四章专章讨论宪法诉愿的运行机制。从程序角度观察,宪法诉愿程序是一个相当复杂的程序,包括受理程序、审判程序和决定程序。宪法诉愿的受理程序就是一个至关重要的环节,预审庭的角色与功能虽然颇具争议但尤为重要。向宪法法院起诉宪法诉愿案件必须先经过预审程序,通过预审后才能受审判庭审理,以控制宪法法院所审理的案件数量。第五章检视宪法诉愿程序的审查基准,即判断系争国家机关行为是否合宪的标准。在德国,宪法诉愿的审查基准,主要指的是比例原则审查标准及与其搭配使用的三重审查密度标准。我国台湾大法官在释宪实务上对德国和美国涉及基本权利的违宪审查基准进行学习和借鉴,努力探索和建构符合本地国情是基本权利审查基准。宪法诉愿制度无疑地成为世界许多国家(特别是实行集中审查模式的宪法法院制度国家)备受尊崇与无可替代的基本权利保障制度。面对迅速变迁的现代多元化社会,宪法法院通过宪法诉愿制度推动宪法变迁,对基本权利的保障作用和宪法价值秩序的维护可谓居功至伟。宪法诉愿制度在赢得卓越声誉的同时,宪法法院与立法机关、行政机关以及普通司法机关之间的关系也日渐微妙紧张。而每年大量的宪法诉愿案件也给宪法法院的审判工作带来巨大压力。如何摆脱上述困境是宪法诉愿制度面临的一个新的课题。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a direct constitutional protection of citizens constitutional rights, constitutional complaint is playing an increasingly important role in the development of modern constitutional review system.The establishment of the constitutional complaint not only enriches the modern remedy system of fundamental rights, but also strengthens the constraints to public powers and expands the scope of protection of fundamental rights. The constitutional complaint system originated in Germany, has been 150 years of history. In particular, nearly six decades since World War II, The constitutional complaint system has been studied and transplanted by many countries which belongs to centralized form of constitutional review.It has played a notable role in the development of human rights and has made outstanding contributions. The full text includes three parts,the introduction, the theory and the conclusion. The theory section includes five chapters, respectively the theoretical basis of constitutional complaint,the concept and the function of the system, procedure requirements, operation mechanism,review standards of the constitutional complaint and so on.The first chapter analyzes the theoretical basis for the constitutional complaint. Authors believe that the priority of human dignity and fundamental rights identifies the supreme status and value of individuals in the Constitution and the legal system.As a subjective right,the fundamental rights confers individuals the strength of the principal Act to require the State to act or omission. No remedy,no right. If there is no corresponding mechanism for effective remedy, only relying on the constitutional rights set on a paper list or the provisions of the law, rights can only be an meaningless slogan.The second chapter describes the concept and function of the constitutional complaint. The Constitutional complaint refers to a private person who,thinking their fundamental constitutional rights have been violated by the public authority, having exhausted all other legal remedies and still unable to eliminate this abuse, eventually sues a complaint to the consttutional court for remedy. This chapter analyzes the origin and development of constitutional complaint,its characteristics and constitutional functions. The Constitutional complaint is a direct, special and exceptional remedy of the fundamental rights, it has several constitutional functions,inclding the protection of basic rights, restricting public authority, achieveing public interest by the individual complaint, the law making and constitutional functions of education and national identity.ChapterⅢanalyzes the elements of the constitutional complaint procedure. this chapter mainly elaborates the applicants and the subjects of constitutional complaint, the principle of exhaustion of other legal remedies are also discussed. The applicants of the constitutional complaint includes natural person and legal person, natural persons includes not only domestic citizens, but also foreigners and persons without nationality.legal persons are mainly the private legal persons, some public legal persons are also recognized under certain conditions. The subjects of constitutional complaint are the unconstitutional acts of public authority, either the legislative and executive acts, or acts of the Court’s decision. Exhausting all the other legal remedies is the basic principles of the constitutional complaint procedure, its function is harmonizing legel order, reducing the burden of the Constitutional Court, establishing a unified system of remedy and helping the Constitutional Court to ascertain the facts and the law.ChapterⅣspecificly deals with the operating mechanism of the constitutional complaint. From a procedural perspective, the constitutional complaint procedure is a very complicated process, including the admissibility procedures, trial procedures and decision-making process. The admissibility procedures is a vital step, although controversial, but is particularly important. Complaint to the Constitutional Court must first undergo a pre-trial procedures, through pre-trial by the Trial Chamber, the Constitutional court is able to control the number of cases heard.ChapterⅤdiscusses the benchmark for procedure of the constitutional complaint, which is to determine whether the conduct of state organs is constitutional according to the standards. In Germany, the benchmark of the constitutional complaint, mainly refers to the principle of proportionality standard and the triple density standard. In Taiwan constitutional interpretationjudges in judicial-yuan strive to explore and construct the benchmark of fundamental right in accordance with local conditions,which has been learned from Germany and the United States related to the fundamental rights of the constitutional review of benchmarks.The constitutional complaint system is no doubt the irreplaceable and respected remedy system of the basic rights in the world,especially in many countries which belongs to the centralized model of constitutional review system. Facing the Rapidly changing modern pluralistic society, the Constitutional complaint system not only promotes the constitution constitutional changes, protect fundamental rights and maintain the value and the order of the Constitution,but also deserves full recognition and has won excellent reputation at the same time.On the other hand, the general relationship between the Constitutional Court and the legislature, the executive and the judiciary has become more subtle and tense. The large number of annual cases of the constitutional complaint to the Constitutional Court is also tremendous pressure to the trial. How do we get rid of the dilemma faced by the constitutional complaint system is a new task.更多还原