【作者】 王楠；

【导师】 李全喜；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 风险和收益是企业进行决策活动时所关注的两个重要方面。在纷繁复杂和瞬息万变的市场环境中，企业在其发展的各个阶段都不可避免地面临着各种各样风险不断侵袭，如顾客风险、竞争对手风险、产品质量风险、营销风险、财务风险、人事风险、组织与管理风险、投资风险等。这些风险的存在给企业的生存和健康发展带来了各种负面效应和潜在威胁，且又难以避免。为了抵御这些风险，越来越多的企业都在内部建立了专门的风险管理系统，企业每年在风险管理方面的投入也与日俱增。与企业所处的复杂环境相类似，人类所处的自然环境也是纷繁复杂、不断变化的，我们之所以能够在这样的环境中得以健康生存、不断繁衍，在很大程度上得益于我们在漫长的进化过程中所形成的人体免疫系统。它能够及时地对外部侵袭做出应答，迅速地对已知的侵害形成记忆，对未知的侵害进行学习，调节体内资源，修复受损的细胞和组织对于企业而言，是否能够在企业内部建立起一套与生物体的免疫系统相类似的、能够行之有效地抵御企业风险的“企业风险免疫系统”？基于这样的设想，本文将医学免疫学的相关理论引入到风险管理领域中来，围绕着“企业的风险管理能力是否可以表述为企业风险免疫力”、“企业风险免疫力的提高对企业风险管理绩效的影响”这两个主题开展了相关的论述。为此，本文综合吸纳了生物免疫、风险管理、企业管理、组织行为学、复杂系统等多学科的思想的相关理论，在国内外学者大量相关研究成果的基础上，用系统分析的方法将免疫理论移植到企业风险管理研究中；用系统科学和免疫学的理论来解析企业风险管理系统的结构、性质和作用机制的特点；用逻辑分析的方法对企业风险管理的功能进行探索，揭示其中内含的一般规律；在免疫视角下建立结构方程模型，以企业免疫能力为中介对企业风险管理要素与风险管理绩效的关系进行研究；利用SPSS和Amos等统计分析软件，对样本数据进行处理和分析，修正关系模型、验证相关假设。研究结果表明：首先，免疫学的相关理论能够很好地与企业风险管理理论相融合，企业的风险管理活动和风险管理系统在很大程度上体现出了免疫学的诸多显著特征，以及人体免疫系统的相关作用机制，据此本文刻画了企业风险免疫活动的基本流程，提出了企业风险综合免疫能力的概念及其构成，并构建了企业风险免疫系统。其次，企业风险综合免疫能力水平的提升能够促进企业风险管理绩效的提高。其中，免疫识别是企业风险免疫活动的开端，卓越的免疫识别能力是开展后续工作的基础和重要保障；免疫应答即是对风险事件的直接处理，它所产生的结果直接显示了风险免疫工作的成败，免疫应答能力对企业风险管理绩效具有最为直接且显著的正向影响；免疫学习与记忆活动能够为免疫识别积累下大量可靠的依据，为新风险信息的获取、更新和保存提供了重要的支持，为免疫能力的可持续性发挥提供了保障，为企业风险管理绩效的提升提供了间接的支持。再次，企业风险管理的各类基本要素对于企业风险免疫综合能力的提升具有不同的影响。其中，企业风险文化对企业风险综合免疫能力的影响最大，它对提升免疫识别能力、免疫应答能力以及免疫学习与记忆能力均有显著的正向影响；而企业员工作为风险免疫活动的发动者和参与者，他们的风险意识、理解力、记忆力等因素都将直接影响到免疫识别以及免疫学习与记忆活动的效果；此外，企业员工其他方面的诸多素质也综合地通过其行为表现出来，共同影响到企业风险综合免疫能力和企业风险管理绩效的水平；企业的内部环境因素则为企业风险免疫能力的发挥提供了平台，它的整体改善也将促进其他因素影响力的发挥。最后，在企业风险管理基本要素和企业风险管理绩效的因果关系之间，企业免疫力的中介效应十分明显。企业可以通过构建和完善自身免疫系统的方式来全面提升企业风险管理绩效的水平。而在追求提高企业风险综合免疫能力提升的过程中需要特别要注意的是，企业免疫力水平的提高，得益于诸多影响因素的共同作用，单独追求某一方面指标的提升，并不一定能够达到我们所期望的目标。在解决了制约企业风险综合免疫能力发展的瓶颈后，更多应当考虑的问题是如何促进各类影响因素的协调发展。本文的研究在理论和实践均有其重要的意义：在理论层面，它为风险管理理论研究提供一个全新的视角。本文将医学免疫学的相关理论引入到风险管理领域的研究中来，并依照复杂系统理论的研究方法从结构、功能、机制以及所处环境等多个方面，对两者进行了详细的类比和分析，证实了人体免疫系统与企业风险管理系统所具有高度的相似性，为来自于不同领域的两种理论的相互印证和融合提供了基础。参照医学免疫学相关理论，从免疫类别和免疫功能两个维度分别对企业风险管理系统进行了重新的划分。详细阐述在实施固有免疫和适应性免疫的过程中，企业风险管理系统如何综合发挥包括免疫识别能力、免疫应答能力、免疫学习和免疫记忆能力等在内的企业免疫能力。从免疫理论的视角，对企业风险管理系统的基本要素、子系统、主要功能和重要的风险管理流程（活动）进行了深入的剖析和研究。此外，本文对企业内部实施和影响风险管理效果的诸多因素进行了整理和分类，检验了“企业免疫能力”和“企业风险管理绩效”之间的关系，研究结果揭示了企业免疫能力对其风险管理绩效的重要影响，体现了开展企业免疫能力研究的必要性和重要意义。在实践层面，研究为企业风险管理活动提供了新的思路。人体免疫系统的高效性和可靠性是每一位企业风险管理人员在面对本企业的风险管理系统时，所期望其能够达到的目标。能否在企业内部建立一套适合于本企业生存和发展的、并具备一定同行业竞争能力的企业风险免疫系统？这既是企业管理者的兴趣所在，也是本文所研究的主要问题。本文所做的研究为在企业内部建立风险免疫系统提供了理论依据；并通过实证研究，为风险免疫系统的实际作用效果提供了佐证；在一定程度上为企业风险免疫系统的可行性论证提供了支持；也为将医学免疫学的方法移植到企业风险管理活动中来，开拓了思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 For enterprises, risks and benefits are two important aspects todecision-making activities. In the complicated and changing marketenvironment, enterprises, at all stages of their development, areinevitably faced with various risks, such as customer risk, competitionrisk, quality risk, marketing risk, financial risk, personnel, organizationand management risk, investment risk, etc. All kinds of these risks havebrought various negative effects and potential threats to enterprises’survival and healthy development, and hard to avoid. In order to resistthe risk, more and more enterprises have established the specialized riskmanagement system, and the investment in risk management is growingevery year.Similar to enterprises’ complex environment, human’s naturalenvironment is also complex and changing. For maintaining our healthin such an environment, we should largely thanks to our immune systemdeveloped during evolution process. It can respond external attacks in atimely manner, form a long-time memory of the known infringement,and study the unknown infringement quickly, regulate internalresources, repair damaged cells and tissues...For businesses, whether can we establish a set of "enterprise riskimmune system" in the enterprise? It should be similar as organism’simmune system, and can resist enterprise risk effectively. Based on thisidea, this paper introduces the theory of medical immunology into thefield of risk management, and revolves around the two topics such as"whether the enterprise risk management ability can be expressed asenterprise risk immunity","enterprise risk immunity enhancement of enterprise risk management performance will produce what kind ofimpact".For this purpose, this paper absorbed multi-disciplinary ideas andrelated theory, such as biological immunity theory, risk managementtheory, business management theory, organizational behavior theory,complex systems theory, etc. On the basis of a large number of nationaland foreign relevant research, using system analysis method oftransplanted immune theory to the enterprise risk management study.This paper also analyzed the characteristics of risk management systemin the aspect of its structure, properties and mechanism of action withsystem science and immunology theory. The paper used logic analysismethod to explore the function of enterprise risk management, revealedthe general rule of the inclusion; Under the perspective of immunology,structural equation model with enterprise immunity as an interveningvariable was established for studying the relationship between thefactors of enterprise risk management and risk managementperformance; This paper used SPSS and AMOS statistical analysissoftware for sample data processing, modified relationship model,testified the correlated hypotheses.Research results show that: first, the related theory of immunologycan integrate with enterprise risk management theory, many ofsignificant characteristics of immunology and relevant mechanism ofimmune system are reflected in enterprise risk management activitiesand risk management system, Accordingly this paper depicted the basicprocess of enterprise risk immune activity, put forward the concept ofenterprise risk comprehensive immune ability and its components, andbuilt the enterprise risk immune system. Second, the ascension ofenterprise risk comprehensive immune ability can improve theperformance of enterprise risk management. In enterprise riskcomprehensive immune ability, immune recognition is the beginning ofenterprise risk immune activity, excellent immune recognition ability isthe basis and important guarantee to carry out the follow-up work; Immune response is the direct handling of risk events, which directlyshows the effects of the risk immunization work, immune responseability has the most direct and significant positive influence toenterprise risk management performance; Immune learning and memoryactivities can accumulate a large number of reliable bases for immunerecognition activities, provide important support for acquiring, updating,and saving the new risk information, provide the safeguard for thecontinual effect of immune system, provide indirect support forimproving risk management for the enterprise performance. Again, allkinds of basic elements of enterprise risk management have differenteffects to enterprise risk immune ability. Among them, enterprise riskculture has the biggest influences on the enterprise risk comprehensiveimmune ability; it has significant positive influence to improve immunerecognition ability, immune response ability and immune learning andmemory ability. And employees, as focus and participants of riskimmunization activities, their risk consciousness, understanding,memory and other factors will directly affect the effects of immunerecognition and immune learning and memory activities. In addition,other aspects of quality of employees also show synthetically throughits behavior, collectively influence to enterprise risk comprehensiveimmune ability and the level of enterprise risk managementperformance; Enterprise internal environment factors, provides aplatform for enterprise risk immune ability to full play, and the overallimprovement of Enterprise internal environment also will promote otherfactors. Finally, between the causal relationship of the basic elements ofenterprise risk management and enterprise risk managementperformance, the intermediary effect of enterprise risk immune ability isvery clear. Enterprises can improve the level of enterprise riskmanagement performance by building and improving the immunesystem. What merits our special concern, in the process of pursuingimproving enterprise risk comprehensive immune ability, is the increaseof enterprise risk e immune ability level due to many influence factors, one index is not necessarily to be able to achieve our desired goals.After solving the bottleneck of restricting development of enterpriserisk comprehensive immune ability, should be more considered is howto promote the coordinated development of all kinds of influencingfactors.The research, in this paper, has important significance in theoryand practice: in the aspect of theory, it provides a new perspective tostudy risk management theory. This paper introduces the theory ofmedical immunology to study into the field of risk management, andaccording to the research methods of the complex system theory, fromthe structure, function, mechanism as well as the environment and otherseveral aspects, has carried on the detailed comparison and analysisbetween body’s immune system and enterprise risk management system,confirmed that they have a high degree of similarity, and provides abasis for the two theories come from the different areas to be confirmedand integrated. Reference to medical immunology related theory, thispaper respectively divided enterprise risk management system from twodimensions: immune category and immune function. This paperexpounded in the process of implementation of innate immunity andadaptive immunity, how enterprise risk management system use itsimmune ability including immune recognition ability, immune responseability, immune learning and memory ability. From the perspective ofimmune theory, this paper carried on the thorough analysis and researchto the basic elements of enterprise risk management system, subsystem,main functions and the important process (activities) of riskmanagement. In addition, this paper carried on organizing andclassifying the factors that running in enterprise and effecting riskmanagement performance check the relationship between―enterpriseimmune ability‖and―enterprise risk management performance‖. Theresults reveal that enterprise immune ability has important influence onthe performance of the risk management, show the necessity andimportant significance to carry out research in enterprise immune ability. In the aspect of practice, this paper provides a new train of thought forenterprise risk management. When enterprise risk managers face theenterprise risk management system, everyone wants it to be efficientand reliable like body’s immune system. Whether a set of enterprise riskimmune system which is suitable for the enterprise survival anddevelopment and has competition ability to other ones could beestablished? It is not only enterprise managers’ interest but also the mainproblem to this paper. In this paper, the research provided theory basisfor establishing risk immune system in an enterprise, and verified theactual effect of risk immune system by empirical research, and provideda support for the feasibility study of the enterprise risk immune system,developed the train of thought for transplanting some immunologicalmethods to enterprise risk management activities.更多还原