【作者】 王玉英；

【导师】 刘研；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 文艺学， 2015， 博士

【摘要】 芥川奖是日本文坛有影响的纯文学奖项之一,是日本现当代纯文学发展的风向标与高度灵敏的晴雨表。在其80年的历史发展中,男性作家一直是获奖的主力军,然而,新世纪的15年中却有16位女作家折桂,占同期获芥川奖总人数的48.5%,呈现出集中获奖的态势,在日本文坛形成了女作家领跑的局面。女作家之所以能够频频摘取芥川奖与她们创作的作品的新鲜度和正能量有关,与她们对现实的日本社会与现实的日本人的内心世界和身份追寻的全方位描写有关。始于上个世纪90年代初的泡沫经济的崩溃,使日本从“最完善的”工业社会跌入“失去的十年”。1998年的金融大爆炸宣告了日本群体社会的瓦解,随之而来的是各项制度逐步向个体社会过渡。而2002年国民个人身份号码的编成象征了日本个体社会的开始。对突如其来的前所未有的历史巨变,日本人几乎没有做好任何心理准备,对社会与经济发展方向表现出迷茫,出现了自我价值感迷失、自我意义感丧失的自我认同危机,急于寻找心理的安慰和精神的寄托。正是在这样的背景下,新世纪获奖女作家用比较宽泛的视点对社会现实进行了多角度的扫描与透视,通过自己的“眼睛”与“手指”从不同侧面书写了叛逆与成长、性别角色认知、婚恋与家庭、职场人际关系、爱的归属、价值追求等多种社会现象,在文本与现实之间书写着当下日本人的身份追寻。本论文通过文本细读,精读日文原版小说,对2000年—2014年期间获得芥川奖的16位女作家及其获奖作品进行研究。通过探讨16部小说创作的核心主题、语言风格、叙事特征等来揭示当代女作家对“日本人”以及对人的精神世界的思考。并以女作家和主人公们的身份追寻为主线,对获奖作品进行了主题分类,试图探讨日本当下社会个体面临的身份迷茫、焦虑和认同危机,析清“我是谁”、“我走向何方”、“我”的属性与特征如何,以及运用什么方式与手段来表现“我”的属性和特征的身份认同问题。本论文由三编七章组成。第一编的主题是“‘我’从哪里来”,由第一章“成长中的自我迷失”、第二章“成长中的自我探寻”构成。该部分通过对绵矢莉莎的《欠踹的背影》、金原瞳的《蛇舌》、青山七惠的《一个人的好天气》和赤染晶子的《少女的告密》的评析,探讨了群体社会向个体社会过渡的过程中,社会环境、家庭环境及人际关系的变化对青少年成长的影响。《欠踹的背影》中的成长是在“同一性”中寻找的“生存感”,在“他者”的确认中获得成长;《蛇舌》中的成长是通过身体改造,期待在与“他者”建立联系、引起“他者”的重视中获得成长;《一个人的好天气》中的成长是自我成长的告白;《少女的告密》中的成长是在努力拼搏的“自我”中战胜了强大的“他者”而完成的。第二编的主题是“‘我’是谁”,由第三章“性别角色的认知”、第四章“家庭归属与女性角色裂变”、第五章“职场女性的挣扎与调适”构成。该部分通过川上未映子的《乳与卵》、藤野千夜的《夏天的约会》、津村记久子的《绿萝之舟》、大道珠贵的《咸味兜风》、藤野可织的《指甲与眼睛》和丝山秋子的《在海浪上等待》的评析,探讨了群体社会向个体社会转型的过程中,女作家及其笔下的主人公对“我”是谁的追问,对自我身份的追寻与确立。《乳与卵》通过描写不同年龄段女性对“乳”、“卵”、“初潮”等身体特征的认识与处理态度,揭示出了在个性化社会里作者及其笔下的主人公的女性身体意识及自我身份的认知;《夏天的约会》反映了当今日本社会男同性恋、变性人等一群现代人的日常生活,作家试图以“他者”的角度给予这群人一种认同感与存在感;《绿萝之舟》展示了单身女性对婚姻的选择,在冲出婚姻围城、自我奋斗、寻找幸福的过程中,在挑起自己和孩子的未来的同时,还追求着自我价值的实现;《咸味兜风》表现了偏离家庭角色、消费身体而获得生存的变态家庭中的温情,探讨了女性婚姻角色认知的变化轨迹;《指甲与眼睛》描写了变形的家庭组合引发的心灵的空虚与寂寞,揭示了日本女性追求由现实生存空间向精神情感空间转换的必然,预示了日本家庭主妇真正实现隐性价值路途的遥远与艰辛;《在海浪上等待》描绘了日本现代企业男女职员之间出现的充满人类原初自然“人情”的新型的人际关系,同时也表现出了他们的担忧与迷茫,以及在夹缝中试探性地进行着自我身份确认的心态。第三编的主题是“‘我’要走向何方”,由第六章“女性情谊与自我建构”、第七章“叙事话语与自我建构”构成。该部分通过朝吹真理子的《贵子永远》、鹿岛田真希的《冥土巡游》、黑田夏子的《分枝的珊瑚》、杨逸的《浸透阳光的早晨》、小山田浩子的《洞穴》和柴崎友香的《春之庭》的评析,探讨了社会转型期的痛苦改造与艰难适应的过程,并在此基础上,追寻“我”要走向何方。《贵子永远》描写了流淌在空间以外的时间里的爱,它不需要客气,也不需要沟通,质量是不变的,人与空间是糅合在一起的,展现了现代日本女性对自身的认知与爱的探索;《冥土巡游》描写了现实社会中人的本来的样子与人应当有的样子,用爱心的保持,爱幸福与爱不幸的心向读者传递着“正能量”,完成自我价值的建构与自我身份的认同;《分枝的珊瑚》从文字书写入手,在强烈的历史感与时代感中确立女性言说的姿态,重述人的成长和成熟过程;纵观新世纪获奖女作家的创作,有一个共性的关注,即对当今年轻一代普遍存在的失语症问题的关注,她们不约而同地从改变小说言语形式与叙事技巧入手,用组合式的语言与多种创作模式的叙事话语诠释着对“‘我’要走向何方”的理解,诠释着对“自我建构”的认知。新世纪芥川奖获奖女作家在对当代人性、人情与人的价值的抽取与凝练中,以“母性”所特有的柔性与韧性释放着社会久违了的、正能量的人文精神,表现出了为建立一种新的现代伦理与价值体系所进行的不懈努力。在她们运用新的思想观念、新的生活观、新的伦理书写的故事里,折射出寻求归属感的普遍心态,诠释了回归意识与回归原点的深刻文化内涵。更多还原

【Abstract】 Akutagawa Prize is one of the most effective pure literature awards in Japanese literary arena. It is also a wind vane for the development of Japanese modern pure literature. In its 80-year history, male authors are always the main force. However, in this 15 years of the new century, there were 16 female authors taking the prize, which takes 48.5% of total prize-winners in the same term. Such trend of intensive awards develops the situation of female authors as leaders in Japanese literary arena. The reason why female writers can frequently take the Akutagawa Prize is relevant with the freshness and the positive energy of their works, as well as their all-dimensional description of real Japanese society and true inner world and the pursuit of identity of Japanese people.The crisis of the bubble economy from 1990 s makes Japan fall into the lost ten years from the most perfect industrial society. The financial explosion in 1998 announced the collapse of Japanese group society with the transition process of all institutions into individual society. The completion of identity number in 2002 implicated the beginning of Japanese individual society. Japanese people almost had no preparation for the suddenly historical change. They felt confusing in the development of society and economy, with the crisis of losing self-value and self-importance. They strongly needed consolation and hope. Under such background, new century female authors scan and grasp the essence of social reality from several perspectives via broader viewpoints, and use their own eyes and fingersto describe social phenomena from different aspects on repellence and maturity, the cognition of sexual roles, marriage and family, workplace relationship, affiliation of love, and value pursuit. They describe the identity seeking of Japanese between the manuscript and reality.This research adopts textual close reading methodology to thoroughly understand the 16 female Akutagawa Prize recipients from 2000 to 2014 and carefully study the Japanese versions of their prize-winning works. The thesis reveal modern female authors’ cognition to human beings and their thoughts of human’s spiritual world via discussing on the main topics, language styles, and narrative features in the 16 novels. The article takes the identity seeking of female authors and their protagonists as the main thread and divides the prized works according to main themes. We try to discuss about the identity confusion, anxiety, and identity crisis which Japanese individuals is facing in order to analyze the identification questions: who I am, where I will go, my property and features, and how to realize my property and features.The research can be divided into 3 parts consist of 7 chapters.The first part mainly discusses the topic of where I am from,composed of chapter 1—self-lost in growth, and chapter 2—self-seeking in growth. This part analyzes the influence of social environment, family circumstances, and human relationship on the growth of teenagers during the process of the transition from group society to individual society via the review of Wataya Risa’s Keritai Senaka,Kanehara Hitomi’s Hebinipiasu,Nanae Aoyama’s Hitori Birori, and Akiko Akazome’s Otome no Mikkoku.Growth in Keritai Senaka is the sense of survival from identity and the maturity receiving from others’ confirmation. Growth in Hebinipiasu is descripted via body modification, expecting for establishing relationship with others and arousing others’ attention. Growth in Hitori Birori is the confessions of self-growth. Growth in Otome no Mikkokuis the process of oneself striving for the triumph over stronger others.The second part mainly discusses the topic of who I am, composed of chapter 3—the cognition of sexual roles, chapter 4—family affiliation and the fission of female role, and chapter 5—the struggle and adaption of workplace female. This part discusses the question of who I am from female authors and their protagonists and the pursuit and establishment of self-identity during the process of the transitionfrom group society to individual society via the review of Kawakami Mirieko’s Titi to Ran, Fujino Chiyo’s Natsu no Yakusoku, Kikuko Tsumura’s Potosuraimu no Fune, Dayidou Tamaki’s Syoppai Dorayibu, Fujino Kaori’s Tume to Me, and Yitoyama Akiko’s Oki de Matu.In Titi to Ran, the author reveals the cognition of female body and self-identity of herself in the individual society and her heroines by describing the knowledge and attitude towards body features like breast, ovum, and menophania. Natsu no Yakusoku reflects daily life of a group of modern Japanese such as gays and transgender people. The author tries to provide a sense of identity and existence for them from the perspective of others. Potosuraimu no Fune shows single female’s choices of marriage, in which they seek the achievement of self-identity as well as take the responsibility of their children’s future in the procedure of rushing out of the siege of marriage, self-struggling, and pursuing for happiness. Syoppai Dorayibu reflects the tenderness and warmth in the abnormal family surviving from deviating family roles and consuming their bodies, and discusses the cognition transition of female roles in marriage. Tume to Me describes the emptiness and loneliness of heart and soul aroused by distortional family combination, reveals the necessity of the transformation of Japanese women seeking from real living space to spiritual and emotional space, and predicts the distance and difficulty of Japanese housewives realizing their potential value. Oki de Matu depicts the new relationship full of original natural humanity between male and female employees in Japanese modern enterprises, as well as their worry and confusion, and their attitude of trying to make sure of their identity in the cracks of relationship.The third part mainly discusses the topic of where I will go, composed of chapter 6—femalefriendship and self-construction, and chapter 5—narrative language and self-construction. This part discusses where I will go based on the difficulty of the social transition via the review of Mariko Asabuki’s Kikotowa, Maki Kashimada’s Meido Meguri, Kuloda Natuko’s AB Sango, Yang Yi’s Tokigan Izimu Asa, Oyamada Hirouko’s Ana, and Shibasaki Tomoka’s Haru no Niwa.Kikotowa describes the love flowing in the time out of space that it doesn’t need politeness, nor communication. Such love keeps its quality with the mixture of human beings and space, reflecting modern Japanese women’s exploration on self-cognition and love. Meido Meguri depicts the figure of human beings that was and should be in modern society in via keeping the love for happiness and misfortune to pass on positive energy to readers to finish the construction of self-value and self-identification.AB Sango proceeds with the written language and establishes the attitude of female utterance in the strong sense of history and the times, and retells the process of human’s growth and maturity. Comprehensively, there is a common concentration on the general aphasia problem in new century female authors’ works. The authors start with changing the language forms and narrative strategies, utilizing the combinational language and multiple writing modes to explain their understanding of where I will go and their cognition of self-construction.When extracting and summarizing the value of post-modern humanity, relationship, and human beings, female laureates of the new century Akutagawa Prize reclaim the long-lost positive humanity via their special motherhood with tenderness and perseverance. They make unremitting endeavors for the establishment of a new modern ethics and value system. In their novels utilizing new cognition, new life attitudes, and new ethics and morals, the authors reflect the common thoughts of seeking for the sense of belonging, and they also explain the profound cultural meanings of returning consciousness and origin更多还原