【作者】 王晓丽；

【导师】 赵宇霞；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 人的自由全面发展是社会发展的终极目的。农民发展问题是人的发展在农民这一群体的具体体现。农民是当代中国人数最多、发展相对滞后的特殊群体,这个群体的发展状况标志着中国人整体发展的程度与水平。人的全面发展是具体的、历史的。人的发展的全面性不是想象的全面性,而是现实关系的全面性。为此,人们不是在理想设定范围内,而是在现有的生产力所决定和所容许的范围之内取得自由的。这意味着,农民的发展只能立足于现实的物质关系领域才能得到合理的说明。在现实的社会发展中,囿于生产力的发展水平,人在与自然的物质、能量等交换中,自身发展呈现出由部分到整体、从片面到全面的过程。马克思明确指出,人类最初的生产活动是通过集体劳动来征服自然的,“只有在共同体中,个人才能获得全面发展其才能的手段,也就是说,只有在共同体中才可能有个人自由。”①因此,人必须通过优化社会关系以最强的整体阵容来面对自然界。这就要求农民在生产劳动中,要不断改善劳动合作方式、扩大劳动合作规模、增强劳动合作效果,通过适时地调整、改造与协调以形成最优的社会合作关系局面,争取在改造自然界的过程中有越来越多的主体自由,为自己走向全面发展创造条件。从这个意义上讲,今天,农民真正的经济主体性、政治主体性和社会主体性的确立都离不开集体,农村集体经济作为农村主要的经济组织是农民的最佳选择。因为农村集体经济本身的优越性蕴含了利益的互惠性、人际的平等性和活动的自主性,这些质的优越性能够生发一种不同于传统人身依附的关系,最终使农民成为生产和经营的主体。农村集体经济是我国社会主义公有制经济的重要组成部分,是稳定和完善以家庭承包经营为基础的统分结合的双层经营体制的制度基础,体现了共同富裕的社会主义根本原则。农村集体经济的发展,不仅关系到农民的切身利益,关系到农村改革和发展的大局,而且关系到我国广大农民坚持走中国特色社会主义道路的方向。但目前我国农村集体经济发展困难重重,举步维艰。建设农村集体经济的主要依靠力量是农民,农民是农村集体经济智慧和动力的源泉,是农村集体经济活力和实力的所在。本文首先界定了农村集体经济与农民发展的概念。农村集体经济是指农村一定区域范围内的农民集体所有和支配土地等重要生产资料,生产经营的成果归集体成员平等所有或由集体决定分配方式的一种社会主义公有制经济形式。现阶段,由于农村生产资料的所有权和经营权出现相对分离,拥有对土地等重要生产资料的所有权成为农村集体经济最根本的特征。①农村集体经济的载体是农村集体经济组织。在社会主义市场经济条件下,农民发展的内涵包括：一是农民掌握和运用科学技术知识能力的提高；二是农民身体和心理健康素质的提高；三是农民文化素养的提高；四是农民参政意识、参政能力的提高。紧接着,本文回顾了我国农村集体经济与农民发展良性互动的历史,运用系统理论优化了两者良性互动系统,通过定量分析方法建构了两者良性互动评价体系,尝试总结了目前农村集体经济与农民发展良性互动的四种模式：技术合作促进型、专业合作共生型、股份合作联动型、集体主导带领型。分析认为,中国特色社会主义的本质要求发展壮大农村集体经济,实现农民全面发展。农村集体经济与农民发展的良性互动对于我国农村的社会、政治和经济发展具有重要的意义。但传统农村集体经济的消极影响还没有完全消除,新型农村集体经济要强化农民发展的价值取向,坚持以农民为本。同时各地农民要发挥主体作用,因地制宜不断探索农村集体经济的实践形式,共同推动农村集体经济与农民发展良性互动的实现。更多还原

【Abstract】 Human’s free and overall development is the ultimate goal of the all-round development of society. Farmers’development is the embodiment of human’s development. In contemporary China, the farmer is a special group with the large number and lagging development. And the development status of farmers is an important parameter marking the degree and level of the overall development of Chinese. Human’s overall development is concrete and historical, performing comprehensive and realistic social relations. Therefore, human can get freedom not in the ideal range, but the range decided and permitted by the existing productivity, which means that farmers’development can only be based on the realistic matter field to get a reasonable explanation. In the social development, constrained by productive forces level, human’s development presents from part to whole, from partial to full during the peocess of material, energy exchang between huaman and nature. Marx pointed out clearly that human conquered nature originaliy through collective labor, and only in the collectivity, individual can fully develop their abilities and freedom. So human must optimize social relations as a whole and strongest lineup facing nature, which requires that farmers must improve labor cooperation style, and expand labor cooperation scale, and enhance labor cooperation effect constantly through timely adjustment, reconstruction and coordination to strive for more freedom of subject in the process of changing nature, and to create conditions for their own free and overall development. In this sense, today, farmers cannot establish their real economic subject, political subject and social subject without the collectivity, so rural collective economy as the main rural economic organization is the best choice for farmers. Because the self superiority of rural collective economy contains mutual benefits, egalitarian relationships and independent activities, which can generate a kind of relationship different from the traditional personal attachment, and lead farmers to become the subject of production and management ultimately.Rural collective economy is important part of socialist public economy in China, and is the foundation of stabilizing and improving the two-tier management system on the basis of household contract management, and embodies the basic principle of common prosperity of socialism. The development of rural collective economy, is not only related to farmer’s personal interests, related to rural reform and development, but also related to orientation of farmers adhereing to the socialist road with Chinese characteristics. But at present, rural collective economy is developing difficultly. Building rural collective economy mainly relies on farmers, and their intelligence and strength can enhance vitality and expand strength of the collective economy.This paper defines the concept of rural collective economy and farmers’ development firstly. Rural collective economy refers to one form of socialism public ownership that farmers in a certain region as a collectivity own and control land and other important means of production, and the production results belong to all members of the collectivity equally or are distributed by the collectivity. Currently, due to the relative separation of ownership and management of the production data, ownership of land and other important means of production is the most fundamental characteristics of rural collective economy. The carrier of rural collective economy is rural collective economic organizations. Under the condition of socialist market economy, the connotation of farmers’development includes that:firstly, farmers should improve capability to grasp and use the science and technology about agriculture; secondly, farmers should keep healthy; thirdly, farmers should improve cultural knowledge; fourthly, farmers should improve their awareness and ability of political participation. Then, this paper reviews benign interaction history between rural collective economy and farmers’ development in China, and constructs benign interaction system of rural collective economy and farmers’development by using system theory, and constructs evaluation system of benign interaction by using quantitative analysis method, and try to sum up four modes of benign interaction between rural collective economy and farmers’development at present:the mode of technical cooperation to promote, the mode of professional cooperation to develop commonly, the mode of joint-stock cooperation to linkage, the mode of collective domination to lead whole village to develop. Developing rural collective economy and realizing farmers’development is the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the benign interaction between rural collective economy and farmers’development is of great significance for rural social, political and economic development. But the negative influence of traditional rural collective economy has not been eliminated completely, so the new rural collective economy must strengthen the value orientation of farmers’development, and at the same time, farmers should explore and innovate realization forms of rural collective economy continuely in line with local conditions, and both push together to realize the benign interaction between rural collective economy and farmers’ development.更多还原