我国现代慈善事业发展问题研究

【作者】 史竞艳；

【导师】 徐宗良；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 现代慈善事业是指公民个体志愿发起的、以提升社会弱势群体生活水平为目标的有组织、有计划的社会事业。从构成上来看,发起者以公民个体为主；大量高度专业化、分工明确、管理科学、追求效率的慈善组织是重要组成部分。现代慈善与以个体为本位的现代社会具有内在一致性,它是在工业革命以后,伴随着市场经济和现代民主政治的发展而逐步形成的。现代超越了传统慈善的封闭性和狭隘性,以“自主、平等、共存”为核心价值理念,在社会成员之间传递着超越怜悯和同情的公民责任。现代慈善事业的可持续发展离不开一系列激励和监督制度的保障。我国的现代慈善事业起步较晚,而且是在福利社会化过程中运用强大的行政力量被制造出来的。从历史上看,我国传统的慈善事业并不发达,民间善举始终只是官方力量的补充和配合。晚清以来出现了现代慈善事业的萌芽,但在时局动荡和连年的战争中难以壮大,甚至在新中国成立之后曾一度中断。目前慈善组织业务能力普遍较弱、制度不健全、缺乏现代慈善意识是其面临的主要问题。运用辩证唯物主义方法进行分析,我国现代慈善事业的发展,既有市场经济因素提供的有利条件,也有收入分配制度的制约。行政治理因素对于慈善组织的准入和监督都产生了种种弊端,政府角色的转变是我国现代慈善事业发展面临的一大问题。财产权利的扩大有利于公民的慈善捐赠,但公民责任感的弱化却大大降低了公众的参与率。在我国传统的慈善观念中,丰富的“劝善”思想肯定人对他人的关怀及对善的追求,仍是目前我国慈善事业发展的伦理基础,但福报观念、家族救济观念等也造就了慈善行为的封闭性和狭隘性,与现代慈善的开放性不相容。基于以上分析,发展我国的现代慈善事业,首先要明确政府和慈善组织的职责,政府职责以完善制度和监督为主,慈善组织在提升自主能力的同时,应以加强自身业务能力为重点,提高其资源动员能力和内部管理能力。在公民现代慈善意识的培育中,应突出和强调现代慈善的自主意识、平等意识及责任意识。更多还原

【Abstract】 Modern philanthropy is a kind of social enterprise initiated by individual voluntarily, in order to designedly improve the living standards of the social vulnerable groups through professional organization. Contrasting to traditional charity, individuals are main sponsors. A number of highly specialized organizations pursuing of efficiency is one of the major part of the modern philanthropy. Modern philanthropy is consistent internally with the individual-based modern society. It was founded and developed with the market economy and modern democratic politics after the industrial revolution. It goes beyond mercy and compassion,"autonomy, equality, coexistence " is the core value of modern philanthropy. A series of incentive and supervision institutions are dispensable to the sustainable development of modern philanthropy.China’s modern philanthropy started very late. It was manufactured by the strong executive power. Charitable tradition of China has a long history, but the development of philanthropy is not easy. Charitable activities sponsored by individuals were always the supplement and coordination to the governmental strength. Since the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese modern philanthropy had sprouted. But in the turmoil and continuous years of war, it is very difficult to grow strongly. Even the development of modern philanthropy had been interrupted in the beginning of the PRC. Until now, the main problems are the weakness of organizations, the inperfect of institutions and the lackness of the modern philanthropy conception. Analyzing by the dialectical materialism, the development of China’s modern philanthropy, has both favorable conditions to factors provided by market economy, but also restricted by the distribution of income.On the administrative factor, access and supervision of the charity organizations have many drawbacks. The expansion of the citizen’s property rights is good to philanthropy donation, but the weakness of the sense of civic responsibility has reduced greatly the citizen participation rate. Although the traditional charitable conceptions are helpful to persuade people to care about others, they are more likely to persue fortune and family’s prosperous. That is incompatible with the opening of modern philanthropy.Based on the above analyses, we should first clear the responsibilities of government and organizations to develop the modern philanthropy in China. The governmental responsibility is to strength the institutional construction. The organizations must enhance the core competence, improve the ability of internal management and its ability to mobilize resources, thus can it win the credibility of public; Finally, we should vigorously publicize the modern philanthropy conceptions and introduce it to all levels of education to enhance the sense of civic responsibility. We should emphasize the self-conduct consciousness, equal consciousness and responsibility consciousness.更多还原