【作者】 毛晖；

【导师】 王朝辉；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业环境保护与食品安全， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 锌缺乏严重影响作物生长以及品质，也通过土壤-植物-人这一体系造成人体锌缺乏，导致人体多种疾病发生，在全球范围内对众多人口产生影响。我国缺锌地区面积广，影响人口众多。通过作物锌强化提高可食部位锌含量是安全有效的人体补锌措施。玉米是我国典型锌缺乏区黄土高原主要的粮食作物，本文通过在陕西永寿、岐山和凤翔进行2年的田间试验，研究了不同锌肥施用方式和施用量对玉米生长和品质的影响、水分与锌肥作用以及土壤锌肥的残留效应，初步得到以下主要结论：1.本试验点土施、喷施以及土施结合喷施锌肥对玉米产量以及籽粒氮磷钾含量没有显著影响。在低氮或高氮水平，喷施以及土施结合喷施能够显著增加籽粒锌含量12.7%-38.2%，也显著提高籽粒和整株的锌吸收量21%-40.8%，氮水平之间没有显著差异。两个氮水平叶面喷施锌籽粒锌回收率和整株锌回收率都显著高于其它施锌方式。2.本试验土施锌肥用量梯度范围内对玉米产量影响不显著；籽粒锌含量随施锌量增加而先增后减。2010年施锌量22.7kg ha^-1最高，达到25.97mg kg^-1，籽粒和整株锌吸收量也达到最高，增加28.0%和23.8%，籽粒和整株的锌回收率随施锌量增加而显著降低；2011年施锌量13.6kg ha^-1最佳，籽粒锌含量达到22.76mg kg^-1，籽粒和整株锌吸收量达到最高，增加21.1%和24.6%，籽粒和整株的锌回收率也为最高。土施锌肥用量对籽粒、茎秆、苞叶和穗轴锌含量均呈现先升高后降低的影响趋势。3.本试验中的补充灌水没有提高锌肥的增产效果。在施锌基础上能够提高各个器官磷和钾含量。对除籽粒外各个器官的锌含量增加显著，也能部分增加器官的铁、铜和锰含量。补充灌水提高了各器官的锌吸收量，但降低了籽粒锌吸收比例，增加了茎秆、叶片和穗轴的吸收比例。4.前季小麦土壤锌肥残效对当季玉米生物量及籽粒产量没有显著影响，却显著提高茎杆和苞叶锌含量，达21.3%和16.2%，对其他器官的微量元素含量影响不显著。5.玉米根际土壤有效锌含量随施锌量和生长期延长而显著增加，有效锰含量随生长期延长而显著降低。施锌能够增加收获期耕层土壤有效锌含量。施锌残留也能增加土壤有效锌含量。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zinc deficiency seriously affected crop growth and quality, also caused human zincdeficiency through the soil-plant-human system which lead to a variety of diseases. It couldimpact on a large population all over the world. Zinc deficiency areas were widely distributedin China. Zn biofortification in edible parts of crops was the safe and efficient way to solvethe problem. Maize was one of the major food crops in the Loess Plateau region, China.Two-year field experiments were conducted, which focused on the effect of different methodsand different dosage to soil of Zn applications on maize growth and quality, the moistureeffect with Zn application and the fertilizer residual effect. The main conclusions are asfollows:1. In these trials, yields of maize and NPK concentrations in grain were not significantaffected by various Zn fertilizer methods, including soil application, foliar application and soilcombined foliar application. Zn concentration in grain was increased significantly by12.7%to38.2%both with foliar application and foliar combined soil application methods, and Znintakes in grain or the whole plant were increased significantly by21%to40.8%with thesame Zn application methods, while no difference was found between two nitrogen levels. Znrecoveries in grain and whole plant were significant higher with Zn foliar method than otherZn application methods in two nitrogen levels.2. In these trials, yields of maize were not increased with Zn application dosages in soil.Zn concentration appeared with an increase followed decrease with the increase of Zn dosages,the concentration of grain reached25.97mg kg^-1the highest with Zn dosage of22.7kg ha^-1at2010, while the Zn intakes of grain and whole plant increased28.0%and23.8%the highestwith the same dosage, and the Zn recoveries of grain and the whole plant decreasedsignificantly with the increase of Zn dosage in2010. The Zn concentration of grain reached22.76mg kg^-1the highest with Zn dosage of13.6kg ha^-1at2011, while the Zn intakes ofgrain and whole plant increased21.1%and24.6%the highest with the same dosage, and thesame with the Zn recoveries of grain and the whole plant. Zn concentrations in other organsinclude stem, husk and cob appeared with an increase followed decrease with the increase ofZn dosages. 3. Biomass and yields of maize were not affected significantly with additional watersupplement in this trial condition. Phosphorus and potassium concentration of maize grain,stem, leaf, cob and husk were also increased significantly with water supplement, while Znconcentration increased in all organs except grain with water supplement. Iron, copper andManganese concentrations in organs can be increased either. Zn intakes of maize organs wereincreased with water supplement, while the proportion of Zn intakes in grain decreased withthe increase of stem, leaf and cob.4. Soil Zn residual of wheat planted in the former season did not significantly affect thebiomass and yield of maize in the current season, while it can significantly increase the Znconcentration in stem and husk of maize, with increase of21.3%and16.2%, while did notaffect the micronutrients in other organs.5. Available Zn concentration in the rhizosphere soil of maize significantly increasedwith increase of soil Zn application, and growth stage extended either. Available Mnconcentration in the rhizosphere soil significantly decreased with growth stage extended.Available Zn concentration in topsoil at harvest can be increased with Zn application in soil,and soil Zn residual either.更多还原