【作者】 陈波；

【导师】 沈信生；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 通过研究与分析,将训练负荷定义为运动员机体在训练过程中所承担的身体练习(或运动动作)的工作总和。通过施加训练负荷使受训练者产生训练效应,并使其机体和心理对训练负荷的刺激做出反应和改变,这种反应和改变表现在生理和心理两个方面。训练负荷是生理心理发生变化的原因,因而可以使用生物学和训练学两类指标对训练负荷的监控。国内外大部分是从生物学角度来对运动训练进行监控,从训练学角度的研究很少。虽中外都从生物学角度来研究,但侧重点有所不同,国外侧重的是训练中的训练方法和训练负荷等的监测,即研究的是“因”。我国则侧重于对运动员的机能评定、疲劳和恢复的研究,即研究的是“果”。本研究过2005～2008年我国耐力性项目组国家队队员训练负荷的记录,并按训练进程将运动员训练负荷过程分为训练课负荷、周负荷和阶段负荷三个层次来监控。运用训练学和生物学指标对训练负荷进行统计分析研究。研究结论为:1.建立田径耐力项目优秀运动员的训练负荷课、周、阶段三个层次训练负荷监控体系。2.目前我国田径耐力性项目训练,除个别重点项目、优势项目在大赛前负荷监控数据较全面外,大多数项目在平时训练过程中都缺乏训练负荷监控。在整个训练过程中没有心理负荷监控。3.训练学指标是最及时、迅速、直接地反映运动员完成训练负荷情况,它是机体生理生化指标变化的前提和原因。生理生化指标能较为全面和准确的反映负荷引起身体变化趋势和幅度,多数情况下两者有较好的一致性。4.部分项目的教练员对训练课负荷强度的掌控不够准确,训练负荷的类型和性质常与计划有较大差异,使整个时期的各类负荷比例不能按预期设想进行。同时,在多数的项目中训练负荷没有按比赛强度和节奏进行,训练与比赛脱节。5.有些耐力性项目技术训练负荷偏少,在整个训练过程中时断时续,特别是竞走和3000m障碍项目。或许技术训练不足是我国运动员在世界大赛中不能出成绩的原因之一。6.通过对田径耐力性项目训练负荷监控发现,普遍存在训练量和强度的不足,量的不足甚于强度的不足,女子3000m障碍组更为明显,量的不足主要是由日或周训练课次较少和高原训练造成。强度不足主要与混合耐力训练比例较少有关。7.在田径耐力性项目的训练中,高原训练使用太多,影响了训练负荷的量和强度,一定程度上阻碍了训练进程,降低训练效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the study,the training load is defined as the total physical exercise(or movement) athletes have engaged in physiologically in the course of training.The training load on the trainee pro~-duces the training effect and he or she reacts to the stimulus of the load and makes consequent changes physiologically and psychologically.The load is the cause of physiological and psycho-logical changes;therefore,indicators of biology and training science can both be used for load monitoring.The training monitoring in foreign countries is mostly studied from the biological perspective but rarely from the training perspective.The biological study abroad differs from that the Chinese one in its focus. The first places stress on the monitoring of the training method and load, that is to say,the cause.However,the latter focuses on the function assessment,fatigue and recovery of the athlete,namely,the result.Based on the record of the training load on the national team members of endurance races from 2005 to 2008,the study conducts the monitoring of the training load on three levels accord-ing to the training process, namely,training class load,weekly load and phase load.The indicators of both training science and biology are applied in the statistical analysis of the load.The study conclusions are as follows:1) The monitoring system is established of the training load on elite endurance athletes in track and field on the three levels of class load,weekly load and phase load.2) There are complete data of load monitoring before major games for a few key and leading events among the endurance ones in track and field in China,but there is a lack of such data for others. In the whole training process,no psychological monitoring is conducted. 3) The indictor of training science that reflects the completion of the load by the athlete the most immediately,rap-idly and directly is the precondition and cause of the physiological and biochemical change.The physiological and biochemical indicator can thoroughly and exactly reflect the tendency and scope of the physical change caused by the load. In most cases,they are consistent with each other.4) The imprecise control of the load intensity in the training class and the usual difference between the type and nature of the load and the plan lead to a situation that the proportion of various types of load in the whole process cannot be realized as it was expected.Meanwhile,the training load of most races is not arranged in line with the intensity and rhythm of the game.5) The training load is found insufficient in some races and it dose not proceed in a continuous manner.It is especially true with walking race and 3000m steeplechase.The insufficiency of training may be one of the reasons why Chinese athletes cannot stand out in the major world games.6) Through the moni~-toring of the training load of endurance in track and field,it is found that the training is universally insufficient in amount and intensity and the first is more serious than the latter.It is more remark-able with women’ s 3000m steeplechase.The insufficiency of amount mainly results from the small number of daily and weekly training classes as well as the plateau training.The insuffi-ciency of intensity mainly is related to the small proportion of mixed endurance training.7) In the training of endurance races in track and field,the overuse of the plateau training,which affects the amount and intensity of the training load,hinders the training progress to some extent and under-mines the training effect.更多还原