【作者】 张勇；

【导师】 莫志斌；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2012， 博士

【副题名】以经济变革为中心

【摘要】 农业合作化运动是建国初期农村社会经济的一次深刻变革,它上承土地改革运动,下启人民公社化运动,在极其短暂的时间内完成了从个体所有制经济向集体所有制经济的过渡,是当代中国农村经济体制变迁中的重要一环。按照中国共产党的预想,农业合作化运动要达到的目的有二：其一是改造农民,将农村经济纳入社会主义的发展轨道；其二是促进农业发展,增加农民收入,改善农村落后面貌。就其结果来看,第一个任务以疾风暴雨般的速度宣告完成；第二个任务却完成得并不圆满。直至今天,“三农”问题依然是困扰中国经济实现进一步突破的棘手难题。当农业遭遇发展的瓶颈,如何解决形势严峻的“三农”问题,越来越成为国人关注的焦点,各种解决方案相继浮出水面,意见相左的人们为此争论不休。争辩之中,一种新的思路日渐清晰,不少专家为发展农村经济开出了走新型农业合作化道路的“药方”,这就将人们的视野再次拉回到20世纪50年代那场规模宏大的农业合作化运动。那段逝去并不算久远的历史,因其在新中国农村经济史上所占的重要地位,值得我们去进一步挖掘思考。站在“建设社会主义新农村”的新的历史起点上,深入总结历史的经验教训,从前人的艰难探索中汲取养分,对于更好地推动当今中国农村经济的发展大有裨益。本文选取的区域研究对象为湖南省长沙县,该县历史上为产粮大县,地处省会长沙市外围,可作为中部中心城市辐射下的典型代表；又因湖南省为农业合作化运动的发起者毛泽东的家乡,运动进展受到毛泽东极大的关注,并得到其直接的指导,长沙县农业合作化运动发展的脉络可以直接体现整个新解放区农业合作化运动的总体特征。文章通过对大量原始档案、报刊文献和口述资料的解读,在勾勒出长沙县农业合作化运动发展线索的基础上,将分析的视角定位于农业合作化时期的经济变革,试图以此揭示农业合作化运动对长沙县农村经济发展的影响,总结其深刻的历史教训,并对当今发展农村合作经济提供学术性的思考。全文除绪论和结语外,共分七章：绪论包括选题缘由与研究意义、选题研究时限与研究目的、研究现状及评述、研究思路与研究方法、创新与不足之处。该部分阐述的重点在介绍与本课题相关的主要研究成果并对之作出评述,以便本文能充分吸收前人研究成果,并尽量避免进行重复性研究。第一章是对长沙县农业合作化运动开展前农村社会经济背景的介绍。首先介绍了解放前长沙县农村社会经济概况,然后分析了土地改革后农村社会经济关系的变动。文章认为土改后长沙县农村经济发展的主流趋势是大量贫雇农上升为中农,与此同时少数农民由于多种原因生活水平下降,两级分化苗头开始显现,但这是小农经济正常竞争的结果,与旧式的封建剥削关系无实质性联系,而且两极分化程度也并不严重,并没有达到需要动用国家政权的力量加以控制的地步。接下来,文章指出了建国初期农业合作化运动发起的主要动因并非来源自于包括长沙县在内的解放新区,中共高层围绕东北、华北等老解放区士改后农村中出现的一些新问题而产生的争论和分歧直接促成了农业合作化运动的发生。1951年12月,《中共中央关于农业生产互助合作的决议(草案)》公布试行后,长沙县同全国其他地区一样正式步入农业合作化运动的轨道。第二章是对长沙县农业合作化运动具体发展过程的描述。文章对运动展开的思想准备、互助组的兴起、互助组向初级社的转折、初级社在挫折中前行、大办高级社等几个阶段进行了详细描述,再现了长沙县农业合作化运动错综复杂而又丰富多彩的曲折历程。文章认为,长沙县农业合作化运动最鲜明的特征在于运动高潮来临前的几个月,湖南省由于运动进展落后于全国,省委书记周小舟在遭到毛泽东直接批评的情况下,顶住巨大的压力对运动速度实施了有效控制。当全国绝大多数地区初级社的数量以超常的速度增加时,长沙县将运动重点放在了原有农业社的巩固和互助组的提高上,但当1955年夏毛泽东《关于农业合作化问题》的指示性报告发表后,长沙县与全国其他地区一样掀起了合作化运动的高潮,提前完成了初级农业合作化。第三章至第五章研究视角转向农业合作化时期农村经济的变革。第三章探讨了长沙县农业合作化时期农地产权制度的变革,描述了从互助组到初级社再到高级社的过程中,农地产权及其与之相关联的其他生产资料是如何一步步从个体私有变为集体所有的。文章认为,初级社的产权制度安排,展现了共产党人的政治智慧,在承认农民对土地私人占有的基础上采取了逐步动摇私有制的步骤,这既保证了政治目标不发生偏离,也照顾到了小农的私有情结。但由于从初级社到高级社转变的速度过快,忽视了农民心理的适应和承受程度,加之在处理具体经济问题上也存在诸多不合理的做法,土地和生产资料较多的农民利益受损,致使农地完全归并集体所有后,农村中发生了局部的骚乱第四章分析了长沙县农业合作化时期农业生产责任制的演进过程,认为从互助组到高级社,在生产责任制的制度设计上看日趋完善,但在具体实施中限于农业社干部的管理水平和组织能力以及农民耕作习惯的惯性,生产责任制未能充分发挥其应有的作用。同时,由于农业社的生产责任制在制度设计上存在先天缺陷,导致其难以在实践中真正贯彻落实。第五章解读了长沙县农业合作化时期互助组、初级社和高级社收益分配制度的设计和实施效果。文章将关注的重点放在分配制度的具体实施过程上,认为不同的产权制度决定了相应分配制度的内容及其效率。随着互助合作组织形式由低向高发展,分配中的平均主义倾向日益明显化。政府通过政策上的倾斜,将富裕农民的财富逐渐转移到贫困农民手中,从而有效防止了处于萌芽状态的两极分化趋势的扩大,但由于采取非经济的手段强行抹平农民之间的经济差距,带来了一系列的负面影响。第六章考察了长沙县农业合作化时期农村经济变革中农民的思想和行为,着重探讨的问题是：农民是怎样看待这场旷古未有的深刻社会经济变革的?他们在变革来临的时候又是抱着何种心态?进入互助合作组织后,当不同经济地位的人在政策的推动下处于同一经济共同体中时,他们又作出了怎样的行为,又是什么心态导致了这些行为的发生?文章认为农民参加互助合作组织的心态主要有四种类型,即感恩心理下的积极心态、利益需求下的逐利心态、行政命令强迫下的屈从心态、多重心理作用下的随大流心态,而持第四种心态的人所占比重最大。互助合作组织中由于中贫农之间的不团结,严重影响组织的健康发展,而导致这一问题产生的主要原因在于平均主义思想的盛行,第七章是本文的核心部分。文章从长沙县农业合作化运动的宏观经济效果和互助合作组织的微观经济绩效两个方面分析了农业合作化运动的经济成效与不足之处,认为从宏观层面看,通过农业合作化运动最终在中国农村确立了社会主义经济制度,这对农田水利基本建设的大规模开展、先进农业技术与农具的推广普及和支援国家工业化建设等方而起到了巨大的促进作用；从微观经济组织的层面看,互助组与试办时期的初级社经济绩效较为显著,但进入快速发展时期的初级社由于经营管理上的混乱,经济绩效有所下滑,高级社的经济绩效更是一落千丈。随后文章对长沙县和山西省武乡县农业合作化运动的经济绩效作了比较研究,认为运动前期,两个县互助合作经济组织均呈现出较优异的经济绩效,但高级社的经济绩效都差强人意。由于长沙县在运动开展的基础上与武乡县有较大差距,虽然晚于武乡县完成高级化,但由于初级社发展时间更短,引发的社会矛盾较武乡县更为突出。最后,文章分析了农业合作化运动总体经济绩效不高的根源在于以政治手段推动经济建设,违背了经济发展的一般规律,这是我们从该运动中应该汲取的最为深刻的历史教训。结语部分从农村经济变革的角度总结了长沙县农业合作化运动产生重大失误的历史教训,主要有如下几个方面：违背自愿互利原则,增加了合作组织内部的不稳定性；过早动摇农民的私有产权,混淆社员之间的财产界限；互助合作组织内部的经营管理过于混乱,无法有效组织起生产；分配中的平均主义做法缺乏应有的激励效应,严重打击了社员的劳动积极性。文章认为,建国初期农业合作化运动未能实现预期的经济目的,并不代表着合作制经济本身制度设计上的缺陷。合作制经济毫无疑问是比分散的个体经济更先进的经济制度,符合现代农村经济的发展方向。最后,文章分析了农业合作化运动的历史教训对发展我国新型农村合作经济的现实启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Agricultural Co-operative Movement was a profound change in rural social economy of the early period of the founding of the PRC,whic h was after the Land Reform Movement and before the People’s Commun e Movement.It completed the transition from the Individual Ownership to the Group Ownership,which was a keylink of the morden Chinese rurual economic system change. According to the Chinese Communist Party’s thought of agricultural cooperation, to achieve the purpose has two:one is the transformation of peasants, the rural economy into the socialist development track; the second is to promote agricultural development, increase farmer income, improve the rural backwardness. The result shows, the first task in the speed like violent storm announced the completion of a task; second did not complete. Until today,"3farming" the problem still is perplexing Chinese economy to realize further breakthrough difficult problem. When agricultural encounter development bottleneck, how to solve the situation serious "3farming" problem, has become more and more people the focus of attention, various solutions have surfaced, disagreeing with people arguing. Argue, a kind of new thinking is clear with each passing day, a lot of experts for the development of the rural economy out of the new-style agriculture collaboration to change way of prescription, the people of vision once again back to the nineteen fifties that large-scale agricultural cooperative movement. The past is not a long history, because of the new Chinese rural economic history of the important position, is worth us to think further mining. Station building a new socialist countryside in the new historical starting point, summarizing the lessons of history, from the difficult exploration to draw nutrients, to better promote the development of rural economy be of great advantage in China today.This paper selects the regional research object for the Hunan province of Changsha County, the county is on the history produces grain large county, located in the provincial capital city of Changsha peripheral, central city radiation can be used as a typical representative of Hunan province; and because the agricultural cooperation movement initiators of Mao Zedong’s hometown, sports development by Mao Zedong great attention, and get the direct guidance, Changsha County agricultural cooperation movement development can directly reflect the motion characteristics of the new liberation district. Based on the large amount of original archives, newspapers and periodicals and oral literature, in the outline of Changsha County agricultural cooperation movement development based on clues, will view located in the agricultural cooperative in rural areas during the period of economic transformation, attempts to reveal the movement of agricultural cooperation of Changsha County rural economy development, this paper summarizes its successful experience and a profound lesson, and the current development of rural cooperative economy provides academic thinking. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, is divided into eight chapters:The introduction includes the research background, research significance, research purpose, research methods, research trends, innovation as well as the agriculture of Changsha County and rural economics development in geography. This section sets the focus on the introduction of this topic research and the comments, so that this paper can fully absorb the results of previous studies, and avoid repeated study.The first chapter is the agricultural cooperation movement in Changsha County to carry out the historical background. First introduced in the liberation of Changsha County rural economic and social situation, and then analyzed the countryside after the land reform and social economic relations. The article thinks after land reform in Changsha County rural economy development trend is a large number of poor peasants and farm labourers to peasants, at the same time a few farmers due to multiple causes a decline in the standard of living, two class become divided is beginning to show signs of smallholder economy, but this is normal competition results, with the old feudal exploitation relationship without substantive contact, and polarization degree is not serious, far did not reach the required strength of the state power to control point. Next, the article points out that agricultural collaboration changes a system arrangement is not from including Changsha County, the new liberation district rural economic situation into consideration, the policies of the direct cause is the early days of high-ranking Communist Party of northeast and North China on rich peasants and whether the mutual aid group increased for primary agricultural production cooperatives two arguments. After the argument, the agricultural cooperation movement in the whole of China rural rise.The second chapter is the agricultural cooperation movement in Changsha County history. The campaign launched by ideological prelude, mutual aid group, support group to the rise of the primary agency turning, the primary agency in frustration, the co-operative movement before the climax and primary realization of cooperation, greatly advanced cooperatives and senior partner of the realization of the several stages of the detailed description, reproduction of the cooperative transformation of agriculture in Changsha County movement of the tortuous course of perplexing and rich and colorful. The article thinks, agricultural cooperation movement in Changsha County’s most distinctive feature is the movement before the onset of a few months, because Hunan Province Sports progress lags behind at countrywide, Zhou Xiaozhou of secretary of provincial Party committee by Mao Zedong direct criticism of the situation, to withstand tremendous pressure on the implementation of effective control of motor speed. When the vast majority of the area of primary service quantity with extraordinary speed increases, Changsha County will campaign focused on the original agricultural cooperatives consolidation and mutual aid group increased, but when the summer of1955, Mao Zedong " about agriculture collaboration turns an issue " indicative of when the report was published, Changsha County and throughout the country are same entered the campaign, more than most parts of the country to complete the primary cooperation have a shorter time, the resulting negative effect is also more prominent.The third chapter is the Changsha County and Shanxi province Wuxiang County agricultural cooperative movement of the comparative study. Article on the two counties in Mao Zedong on thoughts of agricultural cooperation in the origin of historical status, in the early days of the movement of agricultural cooperation in the background, the starting point of development, development a comparative study. The article thinks, Wuxiang County in the agricultural cooperative movement carried out before the rural economy, agricultural development trend is more obvious than Changsha County, while the polarization phenomena like Changsha County only temporarily appear symptom. Therefore, although the Central Committee on agricultural cooperation policies is one of the purposes of the development of rural economy, but also the main considerations for the parties themselves socialist ideology value orientation, the agricultural cooperation movement is to destroy the nascent polarization phenomenon, to enable all farmers to achieve common prosperity and expansion. Wuxiang County in the central official documents issued before the start pilot primary agricultural production cooperatives, exploring the road of socialism is a bottom-up behavior, while Changsha County agricultural cooperation is a top-down system arrangement. Although the Changsha County implementation of Wuxiang county to a late8months time, but due to the movement of the starting point of Wuxiang county and far, consequently agricultural socialism is transformed after finishing, the breeding of adverse effects than Wuxiang county is more serious.The fourth chapter to the sixth chapter is the key chapter of the text, research perspective to the agricultural cooperative in rural areas during the period of economic system and management of change. The fourth chapter discusses the cooperative transformation of agriculture in Changsha County rural area during the period of the property rights system reform, have been described from coadjutant group to the primary agency to senior service process, property rights of rural land and other related production data is how one step from individual to collective ownership of private. The article thinks that the property rights of rural land collective ownership is the movement of agricultural cooperation in the problem due justice. Primary company property right system arrangement, show the Communist political wisdom, in recognition of farmers on the land private ownership foundation adopted gradually shaken private ownership steps, this ensures that the political target deviation, also taking into account the smallholder demesne complex. But due to arrive from primary company senior agency change too fast, ignore the farmers’ psychological adaptation and tolerance level, in addition to deal with specific problems of the process, there are many unreasonable practices, land and production data more farmers interests have been violated, resulting in collective of rural farmland completely, occur in the local the riots.The fifth chapter analyzes the cooperative transformation of agriculture in Changsha County rural area during the period of labor and production responsibility system evolution process, think from coadjutant group to the senior club, in the production responsibility system design point of view is perfect with each passing day, but in the specific implementation of the limited agricultural cooperatives cadres management level and ability of organization and farmer farming the inertia, production responsibility system has not fully play its due role. The article also analyzes the movement during the different developing stages of production responsibility system because the system design of internal defects, leading to the difficulty in practice really implement.The sixth chapter of Changsha County agricultural cooperation period coadjutant group, primary social and senior society income distribution system design and implementation effect. This article will focus on the distribution system of the concrete implementation process, think different property right system determines the corresponding contents and efficiency of distribution system. With mutual cooperation organization form from low to high development, the distribution of egalitarianism tendency is obvious day by day of. The government adopted the policy tilt, the rich farmer wealth gradually shifted to the poor farmers, thereby effectively preventing the budding polarization trend of expansion, but due to the non economic means to smooth the economic gap between the farmer, brought a series of negative effect.The seventh chapter discusses the cooperative transformation of agriculture in Changsha County rural area during the period of economic transformation of farmers’social psychology, focusing on the problem is: the farmer is how look upon this never seen in past history of profound social change? They change come and hold what attitude? Enter mutual cooperation organization, when different economic status of the people in the policy at the same economic community, they made what behavior, and what factors led to these behaviors occur? The article thinks the farmer cooperation organization in social psychology mainly has four types, namely psychological Thanksgiving under positive attitude, eager to take off deficient to become rich the profit-driven mentality, a strong political pressure to mentality, wait-and-see wandering after swim mentality, and supports fourth kinds of state of mind of the people the greatest proportion. Influence of mutual cooperation in economic performance play in the psychological reason is farmer egalitarianism mentality curing, and encourages the unhealthy mentality of development spread is the main reason of Mao Zedong inappropriately will be the normal disagreements and arguments as a serious problem to solve of class struggle.The eighth chapter is the core part of this article. The article from the agricultural cooperation movement in Changsha County macro economic effect and mutual cooperation organization of microcosmic economy performance analysis of two aspects of the movement of agricultural cooperation economic effect and inadequacy, think from the macro perspective, through the movement of agricultural cooperation in China rural areas ultimately established the socialist economy system, the farmland water conservancy construction to carry out large-scale, advanced agricultural techniques and tools for the promotion and support of national industrialization construction plays a huge role in promoting. From microcosmic economy organization level, mutual aid group and the trial period of the primary social economic performance is significant, but entered a period of rapid growth of the primary social economic performance decreased significantly, senior agency economic performance is suffer a disastrous decline. Finally, this paper analyzes the agricultural cooperation movement overall economic performance deficiency lies in the political means to promote economic construction, contrary to the general rule of economic development, it is we should draw from the movement’s most profound historical lesson. The conclusion part summarizes Marxist classical writers about agricultural cooperation theory development clue and Soviet collectivization practice lesson of the nineteen fifties, that the movement of agricultural cooperation in China failed to achieve the economic purposes, does not mean that the cooperative economy system design flaws. Cooperative economy is no doubt than dispersive individual economy more advanced economic system, in line with modern rural economy development direction. Finally, the article summarized in the agricultural cooperative in rural areas during the period of economic transformation on the basis of historical enlightenment to today, in the rural areas of China are sadly arisen new-style agricultural cooperation test, put forward a few academic reference.更多还原