青奥会：理想追寻与价值回归

【作者】 王成；

【导师】 田雨普；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 国际奥委会在新形势下创立青奥会,其“理念”意义远大于“实践”意义。选择以“青奥会：理想追寻与价值回归”为题的研究,基于奥林匹克运动尚未能完成历史所赋予的神圣使命的时代背景,基于青奥会的创立为奥林匹克运动持续发展找寻方向的现实诉求,基于南京青奥会举办在即,丰富和完善相关理论认识的实践需要,也基于作者对奥林匹克运动的研究偏好和以往学术经历的研究旨趣。本研究综合运动文献资料法、专家访谈法、比较分析法、归纳演绎法以及历史研究法,以奥林匹克主义为指导思想,以文化学和社会学的视角切入,从对《奥林匹克宪章》的文本解读和现代奥运会创始人顾拜旦伯爵的奥林匹克思想分析入手,提炼出奥林匹克运动蕴涵的理想愿景与价值向度。在此基础上,从理想偏离和价值迷失的角度剖析奥林匹克运动的“人文危机”,考察青奥会诞生的背景渊源,分析青奥会的价值意义,再结合新加坡办会实践,展望青奥会未来发展,最后将理论分析落入实践筹办,基于改革与创新的思路,对2014年南京青奥会提出筹办性建议。研究结果表明：一、顾拜旦的奥林匹克思想体现在身心一统和谐发展的教育观、仪式内化美与尊严的宗教观、追求和平趋向大同的理想观以及树立榜样惠及大众的平民观；结合《奥林匹克宪章》中的相关条款论述,归纳出奥林匹克运动的价值理念和精髓体现在“教育思想”、“竞争精神”、“理想情怀”以及“普世价值”四个方面。二、奥林匹克运动以“人”为“原点”和“核心”,把“人的发展”作为出发点和落脚点。奥利匹克“人文危机”在于对奥林匹克理想的迷失和价值的偏移：身心二分、灵肉分离；工具至上,身体肢解。唯有回归价值理性,以人为本；发展身心和谐,完整的人,才能引导奥林匹克运动的健康发展。三、作为一种文化现象,青奥会诞生有其深刻的思想背景和现实依据。其创立的思想渊源基于古希腊的公民意识与竞争精神,奥运会的狂欢盛典与永恒主题,欧洲人的价值理念与强势文化以及改革者的贵族身份与理想情怀。欧洲奥林匹克青年节、澳大利亚青年奥林匹克节、世界青年运动会和奥林匹克青年营这四项专为青年人举办的活动为青奥会奠定了前期基础和实践准备,青奥会应当从中汲取成功经验,克服自身不足。四、青奥会是以青少年为对象,以运动会为平台,以运动竞赛为手段,以城市为载体,通过运动员之间的比赛、交流、互动来实现推广奥林匹克价值观,传播奥林匹克文化,推广体育伦理道德,开展生活方式教育的大型体育活动。突出运动参与,倡导“参与运动、分享快乐”的青奥理念。青奥会价值的本体论意义在于“沟通、欢娱”的体育游戏精神。青奥会的文化价值建立在人性解放与公民狂欢的狂欢性、竞争协作与人本取向的精神性、社会教育与文化传播的工具性、理想追寻与价值回归的复归性四个方面；奥林匹克通过体育运动为人类展示一个善于为社会树立榜样的理想状态,在体育中寻找和建立信仰,具备文化的拓展性,超越地域文化而带有跨文化性。五、新加坡青奥会成功之处在于将“理念”青奥落实到“实践”青奥,体育和文化教育结合的办会模式切实可行,不足之处在于没能走出奥运赛事承办“阴影”,实践特色不突出。青奥会承载对奥林匹克运动的理想追寻与价值回归,必须重提对奥林匹克运动主体——“完整的人”——的关照；基于以下五种途径和线索：美与尊严：找寻古奥运会的意义世界；竞争精神：恪守公平竞争的价值规范；理想现实：平衡青奥发展的关系布局；体系整合：树立竞技比赛的主体地位；度的艺术：掌控青奥发展的辩证关系。青奥会未来面临“浪漫的理想与严峻的现实”。6.南京取得青奥会申办成功,有偶然性因素,但更多地是基于自身条件和针对竞争对手的策略选择。筹办南京青奥会需要处理好四个关键问题：参赛心态与追求目标；舆论导向与民众关注；赛前谋划与遗存重点；评价标准与筹办理念。“南京模式”是南京申办青奥会之初提出的概念性口号,具有不确定性；其内涵和体系结构仍在调整之中,没有一个完整而统一的认识和界定。作为指向性的概念,“南京模式”是对南京申办、承办和举办青奥会经验的高度概括,处在形成并不断完善之中。以举办青奥会的时间进程作为依据,分别从理念模式、商业模式、仪式模式、竞赛模式、文教模式、场馆模式以及传播模式七个方面进行目标分解考察,展望实践筹办的各进程工作。建议南京青奥会：以“狂欢庆典”为办会理念,以“教育引导”为核心思想,以“节俭务实”为办会方针,办一届“平民化、可持续”的青年盛会；六大办会目标体现层次梯度,正确处理“利己”与“利他”的辩证关系；改革仪式活动,以“简约创新”的思想改革开闭幕式及大型活动；赛事项目的队员选拔和比赛变革加以调整,还原体育比赛的游戏性本源；文教活动体现持久性和引导性,寓教于乐；后勤接待按国际惯例和标准,引导青少年树立健康生活方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chooseing PhD thesis titled "Youth Olympic Games:ideal pursuit and value return", based on four issues:the Olympic movement still failed to complete the historic mission, the YOG was founded for the sustainable development of the Olympic movement looking for direction, Nanjing YOG will be held soon, enrich the relevant theoretical and practical knowledge, also based on the study preferences of the Olympics and previous academic experience of author.The paper used literature research, expert interview, comparative analysis, induction and deduction and historical research method integratly. The paper followed the Olympism as the guiding ideology with cultural and sociological perspective: firstly, the paper interpreted the "Olympic Charter" and the creator of the modern Olympic Games Coubertin’s Olympic idea, and extracted the Olympic ideal and value orientation; secondly, analyzed the crisis of the Olympic Movement humanities, inspect YOG founding background, and its cultural value; thirdly, combined with the practice of Singapore YOG, and looking forward to YOG future development; lastly, the paper put forward suggestions of2014Nanjing YOG based on reform and innovation from theoretical analysis into practice hosting. The result shows that:1"Olympic Charter" is the spirit and guideline of the Olympic movement. Coubertin’s Olympic thought reflected on education idea with physical and mental unity harmoniously development, religion view that ritual internalization with beauty and dignity, ideal view with peace pursuit towards great harmony and public civilian view with setting example for the benefit to public; combined with "Olympic Charter" the paper abstract four ideology of Olympic Movement:"education thought","sence of competition","ideal feelings" and "universal value"2The Olympic Movement put "human being" on the core position, and foucs on human development. Humanity crisis of the Olympic Movement is caused by the ideal lost and value offset--separation of body and mind, soul and flesh, and instrumentalism. We must return to the value rationality, people-oriented, integrity of the people, harmonious development, which is the Olympic movement development trend and value demand.3The Youth Olympic Games was founded with profound ideological origins and realistic basis. The ideological origins comes from citizen consciousness and competition spirit of ancient Greek, Carnival Festival and the eternal theme of the Olympic Games, European values and strong culture as well as nobility and idealism of the reformers. As practical examples, four designed Games for young people, the European Youth Olympic Festival, the Australian Youth Olympic Festival, the World Youth Games and the Olympic Youth Camp lay a basis and practice to YOG, which should learn their successful experience and overcome shortcomings.4The YOG, which is targeted at young, uses the Games as a platform, sports competition as a means, and city as a carrier, aims to achieve the promotion of the Olympic values, to spread the Olympic culture, the promotion of sports ethics, and education of way of life among athletes playing, communication, interaction viaed the major sports events. The YOG advocate the concept of "participating in sports, sharing with happiness". Its ontology value is just lies in the communication and entertainment with sports game components.YOG cultural values based on four aspects:the liberation of humanity and the citizen revelry, competition and cooperation with the humanity oriented, social education and cultural dissemination, ideal pursuit and value return. The Olympic movement shows a good example for the society in ideal state, searching and establishing the belief with cross-culture beyond the region and language.5The success of Singapore Youth Olympic Games is to carry out the YOG from concept to practice, and proved that the combination of sports and cultural education is correct and feasible; however, the inadequate was not able to get out of the Olympic Games host model.The YOG, with ideal pursuit and value return, must revist the care of "whole human being" to the subject of the Olympic movement and should following five ways:returning to shining example of ancient Olympic Glorious model; abiding by the fair competition ethics:keeping balance with the relationship among the development of the YOG; establishing the main body position of athletic competition; controlling the YOG’s dialectical relationship.6There are accidental factors in bidding success of Nanjing YOG, but more is based on its own conditions and competitive strategy choice.Nanjing YOG needs to deal with four key issues:competition receives and the chasing goals; public opinion and public concern; significant relics and pre-Games program; evaluation criteria and the success essence."Nanjing mode", the proposed conceptual slogan, is uncertain. YOG is neither the "mini Olympics", nor "big National10th Games", cannot copy the Olympic and national model; its connotation and system structure are still adjusting, and cannot be defined. Practially,"Nanjing mode" could be separate from seven aspects:the concept mode, business mode, ceremony mode, competition mode, culture and education mode, venues mode and propagation mode, with goal decomposition by hosting process.Recommended Nanjing Youth Olympic Games:the main theme with " carnival and celebration ", the core idea with "educate, guide", the hosting policy with "thrifty and pragmatic", holding a "civilian, sustainable" sports event; six Games target reflect the level gradient; reforming ritual activities especially for opening and closing ceremonies and events; reverting to sports game origin adjusting project team selection and competition; culture and education activities reflect the persistence and guidelines with entertainment; reception according to international standards, guiding young people to establish a healthy lifestyle.更多还原