柏拉图后期理念论研究

【作者】 黄伟；

【导师】 叶秀山；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 外国哲学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 柏拉图哲学体系的理论基石、核心思想是“理念论”，其形而上学、知识论、辩证法、伦理与政治思想、诗学、宇宙创生论等，都与“理念论”密切相关。然而，柏拉图的“理念论”思想并非一成不变，它也有其来源、形成、发展、完善的过程。本论文以柏拉图的后期理念论为研究对象。本论文的研究重点是柏拉图的后期理念论及前、后期理念论的比较，在此基础上把握柏拉图理念论思想的演变。研究以《巴门尼德》、《智者》、《泰阿泰德》和《蒂迈欧》为主，涉及的主题有：《巴门尼德》对前期理念论的反思和“批判”、八组假设推论的性质，《智者》中最高的五个理念的相互结合、哲理理念“辩证法”的展开和哲理范畴系列的初步形成，《泰阿泰德》关于“知识”的三个定义，《蒂迈欧》中的宇宙创生论所体现的后期理念思想。通过对关键问题的辨析，力求明确前后期理念论的继承和修变关系，以及后期理念论与辩证法、哲理范畴论、知识论、宇宙论的关系。第一章概述柏拉图所处时代背景、思想背景、生平与著述的主要对话以及柏拉图理念论哲学思想的发展脉络。第二章主要探讨苏格拉底的“普遍性定义”和柏拉图的前期“理念论”，论证后者是在继承前者的基础上发展而来的，并比较二者的异同。第三章主要分析开启后期理念论的重要对话《巴门尼德》，它开始反思前期“理念论”，揭示“理念”的本性与“分有”关系之间的潜在冲突，揭露“分离”的问题，并探讨解决“分离”和“分有”困难的途径，即：论述对立理念可以结合，从而打破“理念”严格的“分离性”。第四章论述后期理念论的重要对话《智者》，其核心内容“通种论”标志柏拉图思想的重要发展阶段。它深化《巴门尼德》中所提出的对立理念结合的观点，在此基础上进一步提出：不仅“存在”与“非存在”等对立范畴可以结合，而且，“存在”、“非存在”、“同”、“异”、“动”、“静”三对范畴之间在很大程度上也可结合，特别是一些基本的、最大的“种”（即哲理理念）能融贯在其它所有理念与事物中，由此发展出有一定普遍性的理念结合论和哲理理念的范畴论，并力图以此化解、克服两个世界的分离问题。第五章论述柏拉图后期关于“知识”的重要对话《泰阿泰德》，它尝试解决“认识论”上的分离问题。《泰阿泰德》表明，人类所具有的“知觉”、“判断”和“理性”等认识能力具有某种关联性，由此，“知识”和“知觉”、“意见”之间的“分离”问题在某种程度上可以有所缓解，它们在认识论上不再完全是“分离”的，而是可以沟通的，这正是柏拉图后期“知识论”的特征。第六章论述柏拉图建立宇宙创造论的后期对话《蒂迈欧》，它是柏拉图的唯一一篇关于自然哲学的对话。其中，“宇宙灵魂”（理念整体）、“空间”（接受器）、“时间”和“必然性”都与“理念”思想密切有关，对于“理念”和“具体事物”这两个世界它们能发挥某些“结合”作用；《蒂迈欧》既有解决“分离”问题的新举措，又表明前、后期“理念”思想在某些方面仍具有共同性。柏拉图的后期“理念论”对后世西方哲学深有影响，古希腊罗马哲学（包括亚里士多德哲学和希腊化哲学、罗马哲学）以及基督教哲学神学是在吸收、继承或批判它的基础上而形成、发展的，西方哲学、文化、文明的演进也都显现柏拉图后期理念论的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 The foundation of Plato’s philosophy and its’ core thought are the theory of idea（or form）, itsmetaphysics, epistemology, dialectics, theory of ethics and politics, poetics, the doctrine ofcosmos creation are closely related to it. However, Plato’s the theory of idea is not immutable andfrozen, it also has its process of origin, formation, development and improvement. The researchobject of this dissertation is Plato’s late theory of idea.This dissertation researches emphatically Plato’s late theory of idea, comparing it with hisprevious one, on the basis of this, to understand the evolution of Plato’s theory of idea. Theresearch focuses on Parmenides, Sophist, Theaetetus and Timaeus, the referred themes are asfollowing: the reflection and critique of the early theory of idea and the meaning of eighthypothetical reasoning in Parmenides; the combination of the five greatest ideas(kinds),developing the dialectic of philosophical ideas and the initial shape concerning the series ofphilosophical categories in Sophist; the three definitions of knowledge in Theaetetus; the latetheory of idea embodied in the doctrine of universe creation in Timaeus. Through the analysis ofkey issues, the dissertation strives to clarify the relationship of inheritance and change between theearly and late theory of idea, to explain the connection of late theory of idea with dialectic,theoryof philosophical category,epistemology and the doctrine of cosmology.The first chapter outlines Plato’s time background, ideological background, life, his maindialogues and evolutional clue of his idea theory. The second chapter mainly discusses the“universal definition” of Socrates and Plato’s early theory of idea, demonstrates that the latter isinherited and developed from the former, and compares the similarities and differences of both.The third chapter mainly analyzes the important dialogue Parmenides, which initiates the latetheory of idea. It begins to reflect on the early theory of idea, reveals the potential conflictsbetween the nature of idea and the “participation”(or “share”) relationship, exposes the“separation” problem, and tries to explain how to solve the difficulty of “separation” and“participation”, i.e., to demonstrate that the opposite ideas can be combined, so as to eradiate thesevere separation of idea. The fourth chapter discusses the late dialogue Sophist, whose corecontent is the theory of communicating greatest (i.e., the most universal) kinds, which marksimportant evolutional phase of Plato’s thought. It deepens the view of combination of oppositeideas put forward initially in Parmenides, on this basis, further proposes that not only suchopposite ideas as “Being” and “Non-Being” can be combined, but also, to a great extent, the threepair of opposite categories (“Being” and “Non-being”,“the Same” and “the Different”,“the Rest”and “the Change”) can be combined with each other, especially that some of the basically greatestkinds (namely philosophical ideas) can penetrate all the other ideas and particular things. It thusdevelops the theory of idea combination and the doctrine on category of philosophical ideas withcertain universality, seeking to resolve and overcome the problem concerning separation of thetwo worlds. The fifth chapter discusses Plato’s late important dialogue Theaetetus concerning thedefinition of knowledge, which tries to solve the separation problem in the epistemology. This dialogue indicates that such human beings’ cognitive abilities as “perception”、“judgment”、“reason” have a certain relevance, therefore, the problem of separation between “knowledge” and“perception”,“opinion” can be eased to some extent, they are no longer entirely separated in termsof epistemology, but can communicate with each other, that is characteristic of the late Plato’s“theory of knowledge”. The sixth chapter discusses Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus, in which Platoestablishes his doctrine of universe creation, and it is the only Plato’s dialogue of naturalphilosophy. In this dialogue,“the soul of universe”(the whole of ideas),“space”(receiver),“time”and “Necessity” are all closely related to the theory of idea, they can play some role of“combination” for the two worlds of “idea” and particular things; Timaeus provides the newmeasures to solve the problem of “separation”, and also suggests that there still is intercommunitybetween the early theory of idea and the late one.Plato’s late theory of idea has profound and lasting influence on future generation of westernphilosophy, the formation and development of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy (includingthe philosophy of Aristotle and the Hellenistic and Roman philosophy) and Christianphilosophy-theology are all built on the basis of their absorption of and inheritance from orcriticism to it, the evolution of western philosophy, culture and civilization can all manifest themajor effect of the late Plato’s idea theory.更多还原