【作者】 王震亚；

【导师】 许崇海； 赵军；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 机械制造及其自动化， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 随着以人为中心(User Center)设计思想逐渐被认可,传统的人-机关系也在发生改变,人机系统的重心从“机”的因素转移到了“人”的因素上。在人机系统设计中,如何正确发挥人的主导作用,指导产品的人性化设计?如何对待产品设计中存在的感性因素,让使用者得到生理和心理的满足?如何引入新的技术手段,使产品评价更加客观真实?这些问题引起了我们的重视。装载机是一种常用的工程机械,在我国经济建设中发挥着重要作用。本研究结合国内企业的实际情况,在装载机人机系统设计中引进感性工学技术,确立以人为中心的设计思想,从而研制更符合用户需求的新型产品,同时也给国内学者的感性工学研究提供理论和实践基础。在总结前人研究成果的基础上,本研究建立了一个全新的人机系统模型,并深入分析了产品要素、经济要素、人的要素和环境要素的关系,探讨了人机系统在产品设计中的应用。本文指出：虽然我国的机械产品设计目前还处于一个经济为导向的成长阶段,但用户需求是产品设计的最终目标,而研究人和产品之间的交互方式则是设计关注的重心从机械本身转移到“人”的重要环节。人机交互关系中存在着诸多难以量化的感性因素,而感性工学恰恰为此提供了评价工具和方法。本文把感性工学中常用的语意差分法和近年来新兴的眼动追踪法相结合展开相关研究。语意差分法是一种心理度量方法,通过一组语意相反的形容词来定位人的心理感受。而眼动追踪法是利用先进的眼动仪设备,记录人的视觉变化,找到影响感性因素的生理依据。本研究使心理测量和生理测量相互验证,提高了实验的可信度。本文将装载机人机系统感性工学研究分为本能层、行为层和反射层。本能层主要反映在视觉上。在对装载机的外观造型进行分析的基础上,选择和制作四个视图,通过眼动实验分析首次关注到的时间、关注时间长度、注视次数等数据,找出现有产品的不足之处,同时揭示了熟练程度不同和地域差别对视觉的影响,并通过语意差分法进行验证。在行为层方面,对人在驾驶室的活动进行分析,选择了三个视图进行眼动实验,对所得数据进行分析,并通过和国外产品的对照研究,为现有产品的改进设计和创新设计提供依据。实验还表明：低熟练度驾驶者在观察行为习惯上和高熟练度驾驶者有明显差异,具体表现为对全局观察能力不足和对操纵杆的关注较少。通过实验还发现我国不同地区对装载机设计的具体要求,如西部地区对装载机外观和内部的视觉敏感等。本文还运用Delmia软件对驾驶室内部进行了校核,发现侧控制台和方向盘布置较为合理,仪表盘和操纵杆设计上存在缺陷。反射层是产品对用户生理和心理层面所产生的深层影响,涉及问题较为复杂。为了将问题简化,本文仅选择了舒适性一个方面进行研究。在介绍了舒适性的概念之后,本文分析了驾驶舒适性的影响因素,并依据人的瞳孔会由于疲劳而发生变化的原理,对两种装载机驾驶者进行眼动实验,来判断二者的舒适性。为了评价装载机工作状态下舒适性,本文还对三种常见的装载机驾驶室座椅进行了空载行驶和模拟作业的舒适性比较实验,找出了国产装载机座椅在设计上存在的问题。最后,本文总结了人机系统设计的评价方法,初步提出了一套在工程机械领域较为适用的评价指标集,并运用层次分析法把该指标集用于装载机设计改良前后的比较,验证了运用感性工学方法进行装载机人机系统设计的效果,说明了本方法的可行性。本文还对感性工学在人机系统设计上的应用进行了总结。在研究角度上,本研究引入感性工学作为一种新的研究工具,其目标是将人的情感因素进行量化分析和研究。由于人机系统研究领域中的评价指标具有个体差异和不确定性,很难用传统的方式进行测定。而本文将感性工学的测量方法用于人机系统研究,扩大了感性工学的应用领域,又解决了人机系统评价的问题。在研究思路上,本文提出了一个全新的人机系统模型,并从各个要素之间的关系入手,对工程机械的不同层面分别进行研究,体现了人的视觉和行为、驾驶者和车辆之间的互动关系,并建立了涵盖多项要素的评价指标集。在研究方法方面,本文把定量分析和定性分析相结合,将主观调查和客观测试相结合,提高了感性工学研究的准确性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Along with the User Center design recognized gradually, the traditional human-machine relationship is changing as well. The focus of man-machine system has transferred from the "machine" elements to the "human" factors. In the human-machine system design, how to properly play the leading role of human to guide the product of human-based design? How to deal with the emotional factors in product design and to make users get physical and psychological satisfaction? How to introduce new techniques to make the product evaluation more objective? These issues have attracted our attention.Loader is a commonly used construction machinery which plays an important role in China’s economic development. This study, according to the actual situation of domestic enterprises, introduced Kansei engineering technology to the design of human-machine system of loaders, establishing human-centered design, and thus to support developing new products which may much more fulfill the users’requirements, and to provides a theoretical practical and basis for the Kansei Engineering study of domestic scholars as well.Based on the previous achievements, this study established a new model of human-machine systems to make a profound analysis on the inter relationship of production factors, economic factors, human factors and environmental factors, and explores the application of human-machine systems in product design. It was pointed out that, although China’s mechanical product design is still in a growth stage of business-oriented, the user needs is the ultimate goal of product design, and the research on the interact between the product and human is the key part of design shifting the focus from the machine to human. There are many emotional factors in human-machine Interactive relationship that are very difficult to be quantified, however, Kansei Engineering just provides evaluation tools and methods.In this paper, the author combined the semantic differential method commonly used in Kansei Engineering and eye tracking method together to carry on the study. The semantic differential method is a method of psychological measurement, which can locate people’s psychological feelings through a set of semantic opposite adjectives, and the eye tracking method is to use the advanced eye tracking equipment which can record changes in human vision, to find physiological basis affecting the emotional factors. Therefore, This study made the psychological measurements and physiological measurements validate each other, which improves the security of experiment.The research of loader’s human-machine systems was done from three layers: viscera layer, behavior layer and reflection layer.The viscera layer is mainly reflected in the vision. Based on the analysis of loader’s appearance, the author selected and made four views, and then used the eye tracking experiment to analyze Time to First Fixation, Fixation Length, Observation Count and other data, and thus to identify the inadequacies of existing products, while revealing the impact of the different levels of proficiency and geographical differences on visual.On the behavior layer, the author analyzed the activities of people in the cab, and then selected three views to do eye tracking experiment. By analyzing the data, comparing the products with the foreign ones, the author provided valuable basis to improve the existing design. The experiment also showed that:there are significant differences between low-proficiency drivers and high-proficiency drivers, specifically in these ways:lack of global observation, paying less attention to the joystick. Through experiments, it is also found that different regions of China have specific requirements for the loader design, for example, drivers in western region are more sensitive to the visual appearance and internal irritations. This study also uses Delmia software to check the inside of the cab, and find out that side of the console and steering wheel arrangement are more reasonable, but the design of instrument panel and joystick are defective.Reflection layer is about deep impact of the product on the users physical and psychological, more complex issues involved. In order to simplify the problem, the aspect of comfort was chosen to be studied in the paper. After discussing the definition of comfort, the author analyzed the factors affecting driving comfort, and then according to the principle that human pupil will change due to fatigue, did eye tracking experiment to test drivers of two kinds of loaders and to evaluate both labs’comfort. Furthermore, the comfort experimental compare of no-load running and simulating work was given among the chairs of three different loader cabs.Finally, the author summarized the evaluation methods of human-machine system design, initially proposed a more applicable evaluation index for the field of engineering vehicles, and applied this index for the comparison of pre-and post-design loader design, thus to verify the effectiveness of the method, indicating the feasibility of this method.In this paper the applications of Kansei engineering in the design of human-machine systems also were summarized.In terms of angle, this study introduced Kansei Engineering as a new research tool to quantify the human emotional factor and to research. As the Evaluation Indicators in the field of human-machine system, with great variation between individuals, is full of uncertainty, it is difficult to measure by using traditional methods. Therefore this study applies Kansei engineering measurement methods for human-machine system research, expanding the application of Kansei engineering field, and to solve the problem of human-machine system evaluation. In the study of ideas, this paper presented a new model of human-machine systems, starting from the inter-relation of the various elements to study the different levels of engineering vehicles, and established an evaluation index system. In research methods, this paper combined the quantitative and qualitative analysis, the subjective survey and objective tests together, to improve the accuracy of Kansei engineering research.更多还原