【作者】 黄正；

【导师】 周宜开；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 劳动卫生与环境卫生学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 一、研究目的本研究目的是通过系统分析国内外健康影响评价(Health impact assessment, HIA)的理论与实践,阐明我国建设项目健康影响评价中存在的问题并提出相应的对策,促进我国HIA的成熟与发展。二、研究方法本课题采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法,主要包括以下3种：1.文献研究：收集国内外环境影响评价(Environmental impact assessment, EIA)与HIA方面的文献,分析我国与其他国家、国际组织在建设项目EIA与HIA关系及其制度、方法方面的异同。2.案例分析：通过分析国内外典型的案例,发现我国与其他国家在HIA技术方法、公众参与中存在的问题。3.实证研究：将美国环境保护局HIA方法应用到本地具体建设项目评价实践中,实验验证方法的可行性,为政府决策提供参考。最后归纳出我国HIA中存在的不足、找出针对性解决方法。三、研究结果1.2000-2009年我国年均开展建设项目EIA 26.3万个,执行率超过99%；但同期年均环境问题信访量达60万件,环境污染对人群健康造成明显威胁,急需开展建设项目HIA工作；我国建设项目HIA是EIA的一部分,需在法规、政策、技术方法方面加以改进。2.在HIA法规方面,应将“保护人体健康”补充到环境影响评价法的目的条款中；加快土壤污染防治法的立法,完善EIA法律体系；相应的空气、水、土壤污染防治法应提出制定符合我国实际情况的空气、水、土壤优先污染物名单要求。3.在HIA政策方面,应明确需要进行HIA的建设项目性质、规模；将预防医学认可为报考EIA工程师的相关专业,加快HIA技术人员培养；EIA机构中必须配备HIA专业技术人员；HIA必须完成有效的公众参与并同时赋予公众参与在决策中的权重；HIA需规定有效的卫生防治措施,并明确执行、监督这些措施实施的责任主体。4.在HIA技术方法方面,应尽快完善、颁布HIA技术导则；加大评价标准中健康相关指标的覆盖面；将人体健康列为与空气、土壤、水同等重要的评价要素,置于同一个识别阶段；积极开展基于流行病学的健康风险预测模型研究；进行HIA相关的人群基础数据调查；扩大公众参与的范围,同时向公众提供完整的健康影响信息资料。5.应用美国环境保护局超级基金风险评价模型和综合暴露吸收生物动力学模型预测湖北两个建设项目的土壤锑污染、铅酸蓄电池铅污染健康风险水平。在项目产生的暴露条件下,平均锑水平与最大锑水平的儿童健康危险指数H1分别为3.4和46.3,HI>1说明可能存在明显健康风险,建议土壤锑修复值为12mg/kg；儿童血铅几何均数预测值为70.2μg/L,血铅≥100μg/L儿童预测比例为22.6%,健康风险随铅排放水平和土壤铅蓄积水平的提高而增大。HIA为政府土壤修复与人群搬迁决策提供了参考依据。四、研究结论1.EIA是预防、控制建设项目环境污染的有效手段,但在我国目前不能取代HIA达到预测健康危害、保障人体健康的目的。2.我国与世界先进HIA水平在法规建设、政策设计、技术方法方面存在很大差距,必须采取有效对策加以改进,使其能满足现阶段社会经济发展的需要。3.初步的HIA实践证明其在我国建设项目EIA中可以发挥重要作用,预防建设项目运行后潜在的健康风险,使健康危害控制在可接受水平,促进人、环境、经济的协调发展。五、研究创新点研究内容具有新颖性：本课题针对我国经济社会发展转型时期EIA领域急需解决的建设项目对人群健康影响评价的空白,在全面分析HIA问题及实践的基础上于法规、政策、技术方法层面提出有效对策。研究方法具有一定创新：本课题针对不同研究内容有机将理论研究与实证研究相结合,得出的结论对我国建设项目健康影响评价有较大参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 1. ObjectivesThe health impact assessment (HIA) problems were clarified and countermeasures were put forward to promote the functional maturation and development of HIA in China through systemic analysis of the national and international HIA theory and practice.2. MethodsBoth qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted in the research. The major 3 approaches were as follows:(1) Literature research method. Literatures on environmental impact assessment (EIA) and HIA were collected. EIA and HIA relationship and their differences and similarities in institutional developmental, techniques and methods between China and other countries and international organizations were analyzed.(2) Case analysis. Typical cases of HIA were illustrated to identify problems about HIA approaches and public participation in China compared with other countries.(3) Evidence-based approach. US EPA HIA guidelines were applied in local HIA practice on construction projects to verify the feasibility of the guidelines and provided decision-making reference for local government.Finally the HIA problems in China were summarized and countermeasures aiming at these problems were proposed.3. Results(1) 26300 EIAs for construction projects were performed annually during 2000- 2009, which amounted to more than 99% of total projects. However,600000 environmental complaints were recorded annually in the same period. Environmental pollutants posed explicit threats to human health. There was an urgent need to conduct HIAs for construction projects. HIA was part of EIA for construction projects and should be improved in legal construction, policy support and development of HIA techniques and methods.(2) In legal construction for HIA in China,’Protection of human health’should be added to the purpose article of EIA act. The legislation process of soil protection act should be accelerated to complete the legal system of EIA. Air, soil and water protection acts should lay down requirements for compiling lists of priority pollutants in conformity with the Chinese conditions.(3) In policy support for HIA in China, screening criteria for implementation of HIA based on the character and size of the construction projects should be established. Preventive medicine should be recognized as the EIA related discipline for examinees to apply to EIA engineers and HIA professional training should be intensified. EIA organizations should be staffed with certain amount of HIA professionals. Effective public participation must be involved in HIA and a reasonable weight value of public participation should be assigned in decision-making. Health preventive measures must be proposed and the subject of liability to impose those measures should be identified.(4) In development of HIA techniques and methods in China, draft HIA guideline should be improved and promulgated soon. More health indicators for HIA should be included in environmental standards. Human health should be recognized as an equally important element as air, soil and water in EIA and posted in the same screening phase. Research on prediction model for health risk based on epidemiology should be conducted and promoted. Investigation on basic data about population exposure for HIA must be carried out. Scope of public participation should be expanded and complete information regarding health risk should be accessed by the public.(5) US EPA risk assessment model of superfund and integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model were applied to quantitatively evaluate health risk of antimony in a brownfield and lead from a lead-acid battery plant in Hubei province. Under the exposure conditions of the projects, the predicted hazard indexes (HI) were 3.4 and 46.3 when children were exposed to average and maximum antimony pollution respectively. HI was more than 1.0 and it was highly likely that significant health risk would occur. The proposed soil remediation limit for antimony was 12mg/kg. The predicted geometric mean of children’s blood lead was 70.2μg/L and 22.6% of children’s blood lead might be above 100μg/L. Health risk would elevate with the increased lead discharge and accumulation in soil. HIA contributed to the decision-making of soil remediation and people relocation for local government.4. Conclusion(1) EIA is an effective tool to prevent and control the pollution generated from construction projects. However, EIA could not be performed as a replacement for HIA to predict health risk and safeguard the human health in current China.(2) A large HIA gap still exists between China and advanced nations in legal construction, policy design, techniques and methods. Effective measures should be adopted to improve HIA in China and meet the requirements of social-economic development at present stage.(3) Preliminary HIA practice proves that it could play an important role in EIA of construction projects. HIA promotes a coordinated development of the human, environment and economy through preventing potential health risk of the construction projects and managing the risk at an acceptable level.5. The innovations of the studyInnovation in research content:the research focused upon the gap of HIA on construction projects which was an urgent problem for EIA in social transition in China. Effective legal, policy and methodological countermeasures were proposed based on the comprehensive analysis on national and international HIA theory and practice.Innovation in research method:literature research, case analysis and evidence-based approach were combinatively applied to the research. Conclusions of the research were useful references to HIA on construction projects in China.更多还原