【作者】 张忠；

【导师】 赵英兰；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 哈尔滨是伴随着中东铁路的修建而兴起的一座年轻的城市。二十世纪三十年代前的哈尔滨既是一座曾被俄帝国主义独占的殖民城市,又是一座被地方各种势力控制的中国政府的自开商埠,是一座充斥多种力量的多核心的双重城市。特殊的地理位置和殖民侵略的客观作用,使它迅速发展为繁荣的国际商贸城和移民城市,是一座充满多元化色彩的跨越式发展的城市。历史机缘的巧合又使得哈尔滨能够从一座典型的殖民城市走上一条主权独立的发展道路。近代的哈尔滨是一个复杂而典型的另类存在,是近代中国城市的一种特殊类型。二十世纪初期同样是中国城市近代化发展的重要时期,而市政近代化是城市近代化的基础,也是衡量城市近代化程度的重要指标和直观体现。本文以哈尔滨市政的早期近代化为主线,以中观市政概念的基本组成部分:城市政权体制、城市规划与开发、公共工程建设、公用事业经营和公共事务管理为研究对象,引入城市社会学、规划学、经济学等多学科研究方法,在理清城市早期发展基本史实的基础上,对哈尔滨市政的早期近代化进程进行较为全面、系统的探讨,以期更好地揭示中国城市近代化进程中市政发展的特点、作用与得失。城市行政近代化是城市近代化发展的重要内容,并在推动近代城市发展方面起着举足轻重的关键性作用。由于哈尔滨双重城市的特殊性,哈尔滨近代城市市政体制基本涵盖了近代中国城市市政体制的所有类型,既有帝国主义直接、间接形式的殖民性体制,也有学习继承基础上直接建立的近代性市政体制,还有传统城市逐步过渡建立起的近代性市政体制,反映了近代城市市政近代化的复杂。新式的市政管理最大不同就是开展城市的规划和开发建设工作。哈尔滨是近代中国最早的几个严格按城市规划建设起来的城市,先进的总体规划和殖民性的土地管理和开发政策,在给俄国殖民者带来巨大利益的同时也使得哈尔滨近代城市发展有了较高的起点和较快的速度,主权独立的滨江区域在先进性刺激和侵略扩张的威胁下也很快走上了近代化的规划和建设之路,虽然起点低、起步晚,但最终却迎头赶上,甚至有所超越。城市公共工程是城市赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础,近代城市发展对对城市公共工程的建设提出了新的要求,也提供了公共工程建设的物质基础和技术条件。哈尔滨近代早期进行了一系列的城市公共工程建设,其中以道路的修建和城市的绿化为代表,而江堤的修建则典型体现了城市公共工程修建的近代化。公用事业的出现是城市近代化的重要标志之一,而公用事业经营、运行的好坏直接决定着城市的生产和生活环境的优劣。以公共交通、电力和通讯为代表的哈尔滨近代公用事业不仅在物质条件上取得了很大的开拓性进步,而且初步建立起公用事业经营体制,更重要的是逐步建立起相对强大的主权性公用事业,维护了市政近代化的独立发展。公共事务的管理是近代城市发展面临的严峻挑战。近代哈尔滨城市的跨越式发展也带来了环境卫生恶化、交通混乱、火灾频繁等一系列的城市问题,不论是俄国殖民性统治的附属地区域还是主权独立的滨江区域都注重通过建立专门化的管理机构,加强政府主导的管理力量,完善各种管理法规等方式,应对和解决各种城市公共问题,虽然有不尽人意之处,但近代化的城市社会管理已经初步建立起来。总之,哈尔滨早期市政近代化是在民族独立、国家主权意识的不断觉醒下,利用有利的国际形势,逐渐走上了一条独立发展的道路;是在民主自治意识的日益发展和国家力量的强弱兴衰中,逐步建立了城乡分治、国家主导的近代行政体制和科层化的行政机构;是在法制意识不断增强和城市问题日益严重的情况下,逐步实现城市管理的法制化和科学化;是在近代资本主义市场经济不断发展的环境下,不断改进城市发展的策略,适应市场经济的发展要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 Harbin is a young arisen city aroused following the Chinese eastern railway construction. Harbin is not only a colonized city but also the non-treaty Port of Chinese government before 30’s year of 20th century, is a dual city that congest with multiplicate powers. The special geographical position and the objective function of colonize aggression made it rapidly became a flourishing international trading and immigrant city, and all along full of multiplex color.Harbin at Modern times is an existence of complex and particular, it’s a special type of China city in Modern times.The early of 20th century is also a very important period for modern Chinese urban development, the progress and backwardness of modern municipal is important to weigh modernizing level index and direct reflection. This article use Harbin municipal modernizing as main clue, take municipal three basic compose parts: city regime organization, public infrastructure construction and city management as main content, introduced urban sociology, city geography, city planning study, city cultural science, etc. multi-subjects study method, process completely, systematically discuss with Modernize of Harbin municipal at early 20th Century.This article clears up the complex of Harbin urban regime, and also sum up and analysis colonized urban regime which set in Russian Empire time, the beginning of municipal management system at latter Qing dynasty, and the urban regime construct after take back the regime , government composition and relative laws and regulations at Republic Of China time, through the study of modern Harbin city government system construction and operation mechanism evolution, discusses the dynamic track and it’s own characteristic of Harbin reforming type.This article also clear up and sum up the city management basic condition such as : city planning, urban land development and utilize ,roads and traffic, water , electricity and communication, fire fighting, epidemic prevention, social charity and almsgiving, etc.Based on the conclude of material advancement and achievement, emphasis on study the outlay resource of city construction, organization format and management system mode and operation, etc., clarify that city government according to modern times mode planning and developing city space, in municipal lay specialization, scientific, legal basis developing trend ,as well as disclose complex contradictory and multiplicate twists during this process.At the end of the article, through the analysis the relation between related national sovereignty and the foreign aggression, government authority and the public organization among city regime organization, municipal construction and municipal management, discussed municipal development changing from public leading to government lading and discussed the rouse of national consciousness and national autonomy consciousness during municipal developing from the view of sovereign rights and the public, survey the municipal modernize process of Harbin city. Moreover, put Harbin municipal modernize into the same time of China and world city modernize whole background to make review and compare study, try to disclose the times particularity and area particularity of Harbin forepart municipal modernize, thereby make case study have universal science theory meaning and realism function calue.更多还原