【作者】 邓倩；

【导师】 傅代国；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 会计学， 2009， 博士

【副题名】基于会计学视角的研究

【摘要】 成本理论问题历来是经济学家十分关注并潜心研究的主题,这些方面的研究成果在一定程度上体现了成本理论不断发展与创新的过程。罗纳德.科斯教授1937年在《企业的性质》一书中提出了“交易成本”的概念。上个世纪70年代以来,威廉姆森、克莱因、阿尔钦等学者进一步发展了交易成本理论,使交易成本概念在分析中具备了可操作性。交易成本理论的发展把人们对企业经济性质的理解提升到一个新的高度,使得人们对企业的规模和边界、纵向一体化行为、雇佣关系、企业的内部结构等问题也有了更深入的认识。经济学作为研究现代会计学的基石,对会计学的影响是显而易见的。西方经济学成本理论创新为现代管理会计提供了广阔的研究空间,它正推动着现代管理会计的迅速发展。会计学的使命之一,就是把经济学中的创新概念和创新理论结合到企业经营分析中去,转换为可计量的经济事实,这个结合和转换的过程是十分艰巨却是十分有益的。从这个意义上讲,本文选择从会计学角度探讨交易成本在微观企业的表现形式、测度、应用等问题具有重要的理论价值。交易成本作为新制度经济学中重要的基础性概念,却还没有公认的定义,同时,交易成本的测度问题一直是交易成本理论研究进展中的关键和难点,这无疑限制了交易成本理论的应用与发展。本文在对现有文献归纳分析的基础上,从“交易”和“成本”两个基本概念入手,结合会计学科性质,研究交易成本在会计学中的界定、测度与应用问题。尽管交易成本具有很强的理论解释能力,新制度经济学家把交易成本这个分析工具应用于研究制度的运行,拓展了许多研究领域,但交易成本理论在实证研究中的应用却很匮乏。理论的发展需要实证的支持,威廉姆森利用交易成本理论分析了不同治理结构的选择,强调不同的治理结构应该与不同的交易类型相匹配,匹配的目的是节约交易成本。本文将以交易成本与公司治理结构作为交易成本实证研究切入点,进一步检验交易成本与公司治理结构关系。随着经济全球化和股权主义的日益兴起,公司治理结构已成为企业理论的重要研究内容。公司治理结构问题的核心在于保证企业的决策科学和提高公司绩效。公司治理结构的健全与否,是今后中国经济、金融改革以及证券市场可持续发展能否取得成功的关键性因素之一,也是中国能否发展具有国际竞争力的现代企业部门以迎接经济全球化挑战的基本因素之一。经济学家们把交易成本作为制度选择的衡量标准,从交易成本角度衡量公司治理结构,有助于在理论上丰富和完善公司的治理结构理论,为改进我国目前的公司治理结构实践提供切实有效的指导。因而,本文选择公司治理结构作为交易成本实证切入点具有重要的现实意义。本文分为两大部分,第一部分包括第一章和第二章,目的在于构建本文研究的理论平台。第二部分包括第三、四、五章,在理论分析的基础上构建出交易成本会计学分析的基本内容框架,讨论交易成本在会计学中的界定、测度、应用等三方面问题。本文除导论部分介绍了选题背景、研究目的和意义、研究思路及研究方法外,全文分五章来展开研究。第一章“交易成本文献综述”分别从交易成本内涵、测量和交易成本应用研究三个方面回顾国内外文献,为本文研究提供指引。首先,在各位经济学家对交易成本内涵分析的基础上,总结出对交易成本理解的共同点,进而指出本文交易成本内涵界定的思路;其次,交易成本测量是从多层面(宏观经济主体、微观企业活动)、不同角度(绝对额、相对数)进行的,本文也将针对不同交易成本表现形式设计不同测量方式;最后,针对交易成本实证研究内容的不足,结合威廉姆森对交易成本与治理方式选择的分析,提出本文实证研究的切入点——交易成本与公司治理结构问题。第二章“交易成本、效率与制度选择”作为本文的理论基础,主要包括两方面内容,一是对交易成本理论关于人的假定进行阐述,二是在第一章提出的实证研究切入点基础上,从交易成本作为制度选择评判标准分析入手,对交易成本与公司治理关系进行理论解释,为后文实证研究做好理论铺垫。第一节分析了人的行为特征——有限理性和机会主义对交易成本影响;第二节从理论和经验数据两方面阐述了制度选择与交易成本关系;第三节则对交易成本与公司治理关系进行理论解释。第三章“交易成本的界定:基于会计学的解释”讨论了交易成本在会计学中的界定问题。第一节从基本概念入手,追溯了“交易”和“成本”的含义,并根据理论和实务的发展对二者的涵义进行解释;第二节则主要探讨把“交易成本”概念引入会计学分析的必要性及“交易成本”的内涵。成本广义化理论为交易成本在会计学中的应用提供了理论支撑,而传统成本管理理论存在的局限又亟需完善和突破,根据对基本概念的理解从微观企业的角度界定“交易成本”的具体内容,并按照不同标准对其进行分类描述,以服务于不同决策分析目的。第四章“交易成本的测度:理论分析与经验证据”。计量在会计学系统中处于核心地位。本章首先分析了交易成本测度的必要性、复杂性与可能性。其次,重点讨论了交易成本的计量方式。本章指出,由于不同会计计量属性各有特点和局限性,交易成本的计量需要根据不同的交易活动性质以及不同的管理目的选择不同计量属性。在交易活动实际发生时,应采用历史成本记录交易的原始信息,当管理人员利用交易活动信息进行成本比较或预测等相关决策分析时,应结合现值、公允价值等计量属性计算交易成本。由于交易成本表现形式多样,既有显性成本,又有隐性成本,应采用以货币和非货币相结合的计量手段。对于非货币计量的隐性交易成本,采用时间等标准进行比较分析。在具体测度方法上,考虑成本耗费与收益的对比,构建“交易效率”指标对企业交易成本进行衡量。第三节利用上市公司实际数据计算企业交易效率值,并将上市公司化分为不同治理类型(国有控股与非国有控股)进行比较,得出国有控股上市公司交易效率高于非国有控股上市公司的结论,并对差异进行阐释。第五章“交易效率与治理结构关系研究”是实证检验,同时也是交易成本的一项应用研究。第四章通过描述性统计分析发现不同治理类型企业交易效率存在差异,本章则通过实证方法具体检验各类公司治理变量如何影响上市公司交易效率,同时也从经验证据的角度对非国有控股上市公司交易效率低下的原因给出解释。第一节首先回顾了公司治理与企业绩效研究文献,第二节介绍了研究设计,包括对研究假设的讨论、相关变量的定义、研究样本的选取等;第三节的实证分析包括主要变量的描述性统计和检验结论,分别从股权治理、债权治理、董事会治理和高管层激励四个方面进行验证和分析。本文在以下几个方面做出创新:第一,系统地探讨了交易成本概念在会计学领域的应用问题,构建和完善了微观企业交易成本研究内容框架。在充分借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,结合企业实际经营活动情况,重点探讨了交易成本在微观企业领域的界定、测度、实证应用等三大问题。第二,从会计学角度对企业交易成本进行科学、合理的界定。基于“交易”和“成本”两个基本概念,详细化分企业交易活动类型,归纳出交易成本的内容和具体表现形式。第三,结合经济学和会计学计量方式,提出对企业交易成本计量采用货币与非货币计量、绝对额与相对数计量相结合的计量方法。第四,在交易成本应用研究内容上,探索性地采用实证研究方法,检验了公司治理变量与企业交易效率关系,研究结论为我国上市公司健全和完善公司治理结构的实践提供了有价值的实证依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Transaction cost has always been a theoretical issue of great concern and efforts of economists. The result of these studies, to some extent, reflects the continuous development and innovation process of cost theory. Professor Ronald Coase in“Nature of enterprise”1937 put forward the concept of“transaction cost”. Since 1970s, Doc. Williamson, Klein, Alchian and other scholars developed cost theory and make it operable in analysis process. The development of transaction cost theory leveled up our understanding of enterprises’nature, which also give us a deductive of company scale and border, Acts of vertical integration, corporate internal structure .etc. Economics, as the cornerstones of modern accounting, has an obvious impact on accounting. The innovation of Western economics cost theory has provided a broad space and driven force for modern management accounting research. One mission of accounting is to integrate the innovational economic theory into business analysis process and transfer it into measurable economic matter, which is tough but of significance. In this sense, we believe it has great theoretical value to research the manifestations, measurement and application of transaction cost in the environment of micro-enterprise.Although transaction cost theory has strong explanatory power, and new institutional economist apply it into the process of institution system research and explored new research area, its application in empirical research is rare. The development of theory needs the support of empirical result. Doc. Williamson analyzed different governance choice by transaction cost theory. He emphasized that governance structure should match with transaction type, which was aimed to save transaction cost. We start our empirical research from the entry point of transaction cost and governance structure to test their relationship. In pace with economic globalization and the growing of equity doctrine, corporate governance structure has turned into important content of enterprise research. The core of governance structure is to Guarantee good decision making and performance. A sound corporate governance structure will be one of the key successful factors of future economic and finance reform, sustainable development of stock market and modern enterprise department to meet future challenges. Economists use transaction cost as the selection criteria of corporate governance, which would benefit us from improving and enriching corporate governance theory and guiding our practice. Thus, the choice of corporate governance structure as the entry point of transaction cost empirical research is of practical significance.This article includes two major parts. The first part includes chapters I and II, which aimed to build a platform for theoretical research. The second part includes the third, fourth, fifth chapters, which aimed to construct the analyzing framework of transaction cost accounting, further more to discuss its definition, measurement and application. In addition to the introduction part of this paper which introduced the topic background, research purpose and significance, methodology, there are five chapters that detailed the empirical research.Chapter one“literature review of transaction cost”introduced domestic and oversea literature describing the content, measurement and application of transaction cost, which worked as the guidance to our research. Firstly, we analyzed the common understanding of different economists based on the content of transaction cost, which forms the conceptual framework of this article. Secondly, transaction cost is measured by multi-dimension (including macro economic entity and micro-enterprise activities) and multi-angle (including absolute terms and relative terms). Thus we constructed different measuring ways for different manifestations of transaction cost. Finally, due to lack of empirical research on transaction cost, combined with Doc. Williamson’s analysis, we stated that our entry point was transaction cost and corporate governance.In chapter two,“transaction cost, efficiency and systematic selection”, our research focused on two point, firstly we detailed the "human assumption" in transaction cost theory; secondly, based on the entry point of empirical research we discussed in chapter one, we set the transaction cost as the criteria of system selection and made detail analysis of the relationship between transaction cost and corporate governance, which formed a theoretical basis for further research.In chapter three,“defining transaction cost: explanation in accounting”, discussed the definition of transaction cost in accounting. Section I started from the basic concepts to trace to the meaning of "transaction" and "cost"; Section II is focused on the necessity of introducing "transaction cost" into accounting and the content of "transaction costs". Then we classified transaction cost by different criteria to serve our decision making process.In chapter four,“measuring transaction cost: theoretical analysis and empirical evidence”, firstly we analyzed the necessity, difficulty and feasibility of measuring transaction cost; secondly we focused on the accounting measuring methods, which was determined by the nature of different transaction activities and management purposes. Due to its multi-manifestation of both dominant and hidden cost, we should measure it by both monetary and non-monetary terms. For the non-monetary hidden costs, we established criteria including timing to make comparison and analysis. Referring to specific method, we take cost and benefit into consideration and established measuring index for“transaction efficiency”. Then we calculated the efficiency figure of listed companies. For comparison purpose, we divided listed companies into two kinds, State-controlled holding and non-state-owned holding. According to our calculation, the transaction efficiency of state-controlled companies is better than non-state-owned holdings, also we made proper explanation for the discrepancy.In chapter five,“research on the relationship between transaction efficiency and governance structure”, we made detail empirical test and analysis on different variables and its impact on listed companies’transaction efficiency, based on which we figured out the reason for non-state-owned holdings’low transaction efficiency. In section one we reviewed literatures about corporate governance and company performance; in section two we defined our research parameters including research hypothesis, variables, samples selection .etc; in section three our empirical analysis mainly include descriptive statistics analysis and testing conclusions, which are focused on four aspects including equity governance, debtor governance, board governance and management incentive.This paper attempts to make following innovations:First, we systematically discussed the application of transaction cost concept in accounting area, trying to build and improve the framework of micro enterprise transaction cost. Based on domestic and abroad results and local enterprise practice, we attempted to solve the problem of transaction cost definition, measurement and application.Second, based on our understanding of transaction and cost definition, we differentiated transaction types in companies to generalize the content and Manifestation of transaction cost.Third, we tried to make breakthrough of existing literatures to build a measuring system which integrate monetary and non monetary measurement, absolute terms and relative terms.Forth, we analyzed the effectiveness of corporate governance form the viewpoint of transaction efficiency, further we tested the relationship between corporate governance variables and transaction efficiency, which would enrich the content of transaction cost empirical research and provided an accurate and valuable empirical evidence for listed companies to improve their corporate governance.更多还原