【作者】 赵文举；

【导师】 马孝义；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 大中型灌区在我国农业生产乃至国民经济中起着十分重要的作用。加强灌区水资源综合利用和科学管理,对农业生产、粮食安全和水资源的可持续利用将会产生重要的影响。因此,做好大中型灌区用水的科学决策和优化调度,是实现灌区水资源高效管理的重要问题,也是发展节水农业的一个重要技术手段。论文针对目前我国大多数灌区仍采用手工编制的用水计划进行渠系水量调配,这难以做到统筹优化,易造成渠系配水流量小、时间长和输水损失大等问题,在综合分析国内外相关研究成果的基础上,研究了适合多种不同类型的灌溉渠系配水优化编组模型和高效、稳健的模型求解算法,并研制了较为通用化灌溉渠系配水优化编组软件、并从经济学角度对灌区水量的公平分配模型与节水激励机制的建立等问题进行了探讨,以期为灌区水资源的合理配置提供科学的决策和依据。论文的主要研究成果和创新点如下:(1)合理安排各级渠系的配水时间和流量,实现灌溉渠系大流量短历时输配水,可减小整个渠系的输水损失。针对现有的建立在假定下级渠道配水流量相等基础上的两级灌溉渠系优化配水模型与绝大多数渠系实际配水要求不相符合等问题,深入研究了下级渠道设计流量不等时的配水优化编组模型和求解算法。通过下级渠道配水流量与其设计流量比值和配水结束时间的联合编码及对遗传算法适应度函数的科学设计,大大减小了模型中约束条件处理的难度,引导算法进入极小的可行域,显著地提高算法搜索到可行解的概率。通过冯家山灌区北十一支的配水实例对基于自适应遗传算法和基本遗传算法的模型求解方法进行了比较。结果表明,与传统方法编制的配水方案相比,提出的模型和算法确定的渠系配水优化编组方案下级渠道配水过程搭配合理、上级渠道配水流量均匀、输水损失小,符合优化配水原则;利用自适应遗传算法求解模型,可显著加快收敛速度和提高计算稳定性,具有较高的工程应用价值,可为灌区两级灌溉配水决策提供技术支持。(2)针对多级灌溉渠系配水的问题,基于大系统分解协调的思想,建立了一种解决多级灌溉渠系配水优化编组问题的模型。针对模型中存在多约束条件、大搜索空间和传统的遗传算法在搜索过程中极易进入不可行域而出现求解困难等问题,研究了基于动态罚函数的自适应遗传算法模型求解方法。本文方法既可保存可行解又可利用非可行解中有用的部分基因,能有效避免在遗传过程中过早收敛到局部最优解,从而获得全局优化解。并通过冯家山灌区的配水编组实例,比较分析了用本文方法与传统方法确定的配水编组方案性能,结果表明本文确定的算法能实现多约束条件下模型的稳定快速求解,确定的优化配水编组方案能较好的解决多级灌溉渠系配水优化编组问题,可满足灌区管理需要。(3)我国许多灌区,其骨干渠系分支多且复杂,配水层次关系不明显,较难用多级灌溉渠系模型进行概化,针对这一问题,建立了复杂灌溉渠系的配水优化编组模型。由于模型中存在多节点配水流量约束条件和大搜索空间问题,传统的遗传算法较难求得模型可行解,为此,研究了基于性能较好、复杂度较低、易于实现的复合算法——模拟退火混合遗传算法的模型求解方法,它兼备了很强的全局搜索能力和局部搜索能力。结合泾惠渠灌区配水实例,对模型和算法进行了验证,结果表明,该文确定的混合算法求解方法,能实现多节点流量约束条件下模型的稳健快速求解,确定的配水优化编组方案能较好的解决复杂灌溉渠系配水优化编组问题。模型和算法具有普适性,可为复杂灌溉渠系配水优化编组决策提供理论与技术支持。(4)在研究了上述不同类型的灌溉渠系配水优化编组模型和快速稳健算法求解模型的基础上,将模型求解组件和VB有机集成,研制了基于COM组件技术的灌溉渠系配水优化编组通用化软件。该软件以渠系层状树形结构图、布局概化图及渠道特征数据库等直观反映渠系的空间分布、上下级关系和特征参数,并实现其三者的动态交互。用户可快速搭建渠系结构,方便地输入、修改渠系的渠道特征参数,完成添加、删除、修改等功能,实现了渠系结构的搭建、渠道参数动态管理、渠系平面布局图绘制之间的交互,提高其容错功能。在此基础上,将其与模型求解算法模块高效集成,形成较为通用的灌溉渠系配水优化编组软件,它能根据不同灌区及其分支渠系的布置快速搭建,高效确定灌溉渠系优化配水决策方案。并根据灌区配水需要对配水计划随时调整,具有较强的实用性和通用性,能方便快速地实现灌区灌溉渠系配水优化编组的计算机辅助决策。(5)灌区水资源日益紧张,在水量不能满足用户所需水量时,所有用户往往希望最大限度获得自身水资源的所需量,这就很容易引起争水问题。为此,本文从经济学理论方面探讨建立了基于动态权重、基于效用的水量分配模型及基于谈判和拍卖水量使用优先权的模型,并对其进行了分析,初步指出其合理的制度安排。在此基础上,进一步研究了节水激励制度,以期为农业水资源的高效利用提供理论基础。灌溉渠系优化配水决策是一个十分复杂的问题,应包括配水水量和配水过程编组的决策,但由于配水水量分配问题涉及因素比较多,也不便于通用化,为此,论文重点研究灌溉渠系配水优化编组问题,并对灌区配水水量的优化分配决策进行了探讨,上述不足之处需要今后研究中不断完善,同时对库渠结合灌区的优化决策,也有待进一步完善。更多还原

【Abstract】 Large and medium irrigation districts play a significant role in agriculture production and even the national economy. Strengthening the utilization of water resources and optimize management in irrigation district, it will have an important impact on agricultural production, food security and sustainable use of water resources. Hence irrigation water optimized allocation in irrigation district is a key to achieve efficient management of water resources, and is also an important technical means to develop the agriculture of water saving. This paper establishes the system of water allocation marshalling of irrigation canals system on basis of the research trend in the world, establishes model of water allocation marshalling for many different irrigation canal styles, designs algorithm of fast, efficient and robust for model solution, develops a general software for irrigation canal system water optimal distribution, and discusses the fairness of water resource allocation and incentive mechanism of water saving for irrigation district to supply the scientific decision-making and basis for the water resource rational allocation of irrigation district. The contents and innovative points of this paper include:(1) The reasonable arrangement of water allocation time and discharge of each canals, realization of water allocation of large discharge and short time about irrigation canals system and reduction of water transportation loss in irrigation district management are pressing technological problems. The present optimal water delivery scheduling models are based on the assumed equal design discharges of lateral canals, which are not in accordance with practical water delivery scheduling demand in most irrigation systems. In order to solve this problem, a model of lateral canals with unequal discharges and its solution method were proposed. through joint coding of the lower channel water flow, its design flow’s ratio and distribution water finish time, and scientific design of fitness function’s, difficulty of constraint conditional processing in model decreases greatly, and the probability that algorithm can search the feasible solution increase remarkably. The model solution methods based on AGA (Adaptive Genetic Algorithm) and SGA (Simple Genetic Algorithm) were compared with traditional method by using a practical irrigation system example. The results show that the lateral channels water delivery time is more uniform, and the branch water distribution is more homogeneous of the water delivery plan determined with the new model than the traditional method. The model solution method based on AGA can automatically adjust to the genetic controlling parameters on the basis of values of individual fitness and degree of population dispersion, which is more rapid and stable than the GA method, so it has a higher practical value in irrigation system management.(2) In order to solve problem of multilevel irrigation canal system water distribution, a new model based on the idea of decomposition and coordination is established. As to many restriction conditions and large searching space problem in the model, solution method based on Dynamic Penalty Function And adaptive genetic algorithm is designed. This method can save feasible solution, use the part of the useful gene of infeasible solution, and can avoid optimal solutions which is premature convergence to local in the process of genetic process effectively, thereby obtaining global optimization solutions. The comparison between the optimal water allocation and the traditional method shows that there are more advantages in the method of this paper than the traditional method. For example, the model under multiple restriction conditions can be solved quickly and stably using the optimal water allocation program. Result of the water in the lateral channels is allocated more reasonably, and the superior water flow is more uniform, and the total water transportation loss is the lowest. The water delivery scheduling problems of multilevel optimal irrigation canal system can be solved, which meet the requirement of irrigation management.(3) Main canal system has a lot of branches and is complex, which make hiberarchy decomposition difficult with multilevel irrigation canal system. To solve the problems, a new model of complex irrigation canal system water distribution is established. For many node flow restriction conditions and large searching space problem in the model. Therefore, a Compound algorithm——simulated annealing hybrid genetic algorithm(SHGA) was designed, which has many advantages,such as better performance, lower complexity, easy to solve the model and the strong local searching ability and global searching ability. For example, it can analyze the model with multiple restriction conditions and node flow restriction quickly and stably use the optimal water allocation program. The water in the lateral channels is allocated more reasonably, and the superior water flow is more uniform, and the total water transportation loss is the lowest. The water delivery scheduling problems of complexity optimal irrigation canal system can be solved, which provide theoretical and technical support for complex irrigation canal system.(4) Integrated the model solution component gotten from the former research about irrigation canal system model to optimize water distribution and rapid robust algorithm and VB, the research got a general software based on the COM component which can be used in the optimal water allocation marshalling model for irrigation canals system. By using of irrigation canal system layer tree View map, simplified canal system space-layout map and canal parameters database, the software can directly demonstrate the complex linkage of upper and lower irrigation canals, space-layout structure and canal characteristic parameters of an irrigation system. The maps and the database mentioned above are linked dynamically, mentioned above can easily edit the mentioned above and space-layout map, modify the characteristic parameters of irrigation canals. [0]With the model of its high-performance integrated module algorithm, a general software for irrigation canal system water optimal distribution is developed. [0]According to different branches of canal irrigation district and the layout of structures putted up, it efficiently determined decision scheme of irrigation canal system, has strong practicality and generality. So this software can be widely used in water optimal distribution decision making of irrigation canal system.(5) Irrigation district water resources become much lesser than before, when water resources can not meet the requirements of users, they often want to obtain maximum water resources required, which can easily make them dispute for water resources. Therefore, at the basis of analyzing models based on the dynamic-weight, equitable distribute water method and negotiation and auction of water priority distribute by theory, the paper further study the system of water-saving incentives, with a view to providing a theoretical foundation for efficient utilization of agricultural water resources.The development of irrigation canal optimization water distribution is a very complex problem, including the allocation of water quantity and water flow’s decision. at the basis of analyzing models based on the dynamic-weight, equitable distribute water method and negotiation and auction of water priority distribute by theory, the paper further study the system of water-saving incentives, with a view to providing a theoretical foundation for efficient utilization of agricultural water resources, therefore, this paper focuses on the irrigation canal system optimal water allocation marshalling and discussed optimization of water decision distribution. The above-mentioned gap that needs to be continuously improved in future research, meanwhile, optimization decisions of combining reservoir and canal are needed to be studied.更多还原