【作者】 陈月亮；

【导师】 吴瑛；

【作者基本信息】 上海体育学院 ， 体育教育训练学， 2008， 博士

【副题名】以500米项目为例

【摘要】 短距离速滑是冬季运动项目之一,是国际竞技大家族中的重要一员。其运动成绩,是体现一个国家整体竞技水平的重要组成部分。在冬季竞技运动中短距离速滑是我国的优势项目,我国在各种世界速滑大赛中取得的成绩多数集中在短距离项目上。我国的短距离速滑项目曾经有过辉煌的历史,不过在近年来出现了一段时期的暂时落后。随着现代竞技水平的不断提高,竞争日益白热化,作为竞技能力主要构成要素之一的体能发展水平在现代竞技体育中的地位越来越突出。探索与研究发展运动员体能的理论与方法,寻求体能训练的最佳理论与实践模式,使体能训练更加科学化、系统化和最优化,已成为现代运动训练孜孜以求的奋斗目标。短距离速度滑冰属体能主导类项目,对其体能训练理论与实践的深入研究是实现该项目突破的重要途径。现代短距离速滑的高速发展、高强度的激烈对抗,对运动员的体能要求越来越高。因此,加强我国短距离速滑运动员体能训练的理论与实践研究,全面提高运动员的体能水平就显得尤为必要。短距离速滑运动的发展历史也表明,每一阶段运动成绩的起伏无不与体能训练方法手段的改进和训练理念的更新紧密联系在一起,体能差特别是后程体能差是我国短距离速滑公认的弱点,是目前制约我国短距离速滑进一步发展的结症所在,是长期以来限制我国短距离速滑竞技水平进一步提高的关键。基于这一背景,本文对我国优秀短距离速滑运动员体能训练的理论与实践问题进行了研究。本研究的主要内容为:体能系统观及其主要外部影响因素的理论研究;短距离速滑项目特征研究;我国优秀短距离速滑运动员专项体能评价与诊断体系的构建;我国优秀短距离速滑运动员体能训练方法手段及其负荷安排特征;我国优秀短距离速滑运动员年度训练周期安排特征。本文采用的主要研究方法为:文献资料法;专家访谈法;问卷调查法;测试法;逻辑分析法和数理统计法。通过研究得出以下结论:1、体能是由多要素构成的一个有机整体,应以系统的观点来认识运动员体能问题。运用系统观来认识体能,有助于我们从整体与部分,整体与环境的相互关系、相互作用中去研究体能的整体功能。根据系统理论,体能作为一个系统有其自身固有的结构和功能,它在竞技能力系统中处于基础地位,并与竞技能力系统其它要素相互联系、相互制约、共同促进运动员整体竞技能力的发展。体能系统在受系统内部各要素相互影响的同时,系统外部因素的变化也间接或直接地对体能产生一定影响。2、现代短距离速滑项目特征表现为:由于竞赛规则的改变使竞赛更具公平性,但对体能的要求也越来越高;在一定有氧能力的基础上,高度发展的磷酸原和糖酵解混合供能能力是短距离速滑的核心供能能力;肌肉力量尤其是快速力量是短距离速滑运动的主导运动素质;滑跑节奏呈现出弯道以步频为主,直道以步幅为主的发展趋势;比赛战术的安排要根据对手和自身情况的不同以及比赛环境的变化灵活安排;陆地体能训练贯穿全年始终,是运动员专项体能的基本保障;技术在基本规范的基础上根据个人特点的不同表现出较明显的个体差异性。3、短距离速滑运动员体能评价与诊断体系包括体能模型参数筛选,体能结构特征揭示和体能评价与诊断方法三个子系统。体能模型参数筛选是认识体能结构特征的前提;运动员体能模型的构建是研究体能结构特征的基础;体能水平的评价与诊断是建立体能模型的目的;体能模型建构的科学性决定于模型指标筛选的科学性,而其运行效益则取决于体能评价与诊断体系的科学性。4、运动员专项体能训练与技术训练是密不可分的,体能是技术的基础,技术是体能的载体,体能与技术是“一元”的。组合训练法是实现多种运动素质和多种竞技能力整合的有效方法,合理运用组合训练法是实现短距离速滑运动员整体竞技能力提高的有效途径。5、通过对目前我国优秀短距离速滑运动员体能训练方法手段及负荷特征的研究发现:我国运动员运动素质训练手段过于繁琐,重点不突出。训练负荷过于注重有氧训练,训练强度低,实战性差。6、短距离速滑运动年度不同时期的训练任务,主要是围绕其主导竞技能力安排相应的练习内容,年度训练不同时期所承受的负荷具有阶段性特征。适宜次数的参赛安排是保证短距离速滑运动员年度体能状态稳定,和使他们在重要比赛中展现出最佳竞技状态的重要因素。更多还原

【Abstract】 Speed skating in short distance is one of the Winter Olympic Games and one of the international tournaments. Its performance is important part of national sports levels. Speed skating in short distance is predominant sports items, for our athletes have made great achievements especially in short distance competitions at world level. Although we had the proud history, we now leg behind other countries.With the development and intensification of modern competition, the physical performance is more and more regarded as important factor. It is the goal of modern training to investigate the methods and theory of physical performance, find out the most perfect model, and make the training more scientific, systematic and optimum. The speed skating in short distance is based on physical performance which need great investigation to make progress. The development and high intensification of modern speed skating in short distance need high level of physical performance. Therefore, it becomes more and more important to investigate the theory and training method in speed skating in short distance.The development history of speed skating in short distance showed that the achievement in this sport was related closely to the training methods and theory of physical performance. Especially, difference in the final physical performance is one of the most weaknesses in our national skaters, and it is the biggest obstacle inhibiting speed skating further development. In light of those problems, this study will make investigation in our national elite speed skaters to elucidate the training theory and practical problems.The main research contents as follows: the systematic aspects of physical performance and the outer influence factors; the characteristics of speed skating in short distance; the establishment of special physical performance and estimate system in our national elite speed skaters; the training methods and workload arrangement of national elite speed skaters; the characteristics of annual periodical arrangement in national elite speed skaters.Methods: literature review; expert visiting; questionnaire; experiment; logical analysis and data statistics.Main conclusions:1. Physical performance is composed of multiple factors, which indicated that physical performance of skaters should be cognized from systematic viewpoints. This helps us to understand the physical performance from the relationship between whole and local, whole and environment. According the systematic theory, physical performance, as a perfect system, owns its individual structure and function, and promotes whole development of competition together with other systematic factors of competition. Physical performance system is affected by inter factors, while outer factors influence in it by direct or indirect way.2. The modern speed skating in short distance was show as follows: Because of modification of competition rules, The competitions were more and more fair, but it required higher physical performance. Basing on aerobic capacity partly, energy supplement of ATP-CP and anaerobic energy supplement were the nucleus of energy supplement. Muscle strains, especially quick strains, was the main quality of speed skaters in short distance; Pace frequency was main character during turning and pace width was main character of straight trace; The strategy of competition should be made according the counter skaters and the environment of matches; Land physical performance should be apply around whole year which is the guarantee of special physical performance for speed skater. Technique has usual characters, but also show individual differences.3. The estimation and diagnosis of physical performance in speed skaters in short distance includes selection of index, elucidation of physical performance and methods of estimation and diagnosis of physical performance. The selection of physical performance was the precondition of acknowledgement of physical performance; Establishment of physical performance model was base of study of structure; The estimation and diagnosis of physical performance was the goal of setting up model; The selection of index determined the scientism of model, and estimation and diagnosis of physical performance determined its application.4. Special physical performance and technique training can not be divided, and physical performance was the base of technique while technique was the carrier of physical performance indicating physical performance and technique was uniform. Combinatorial training was practical methods approach to multiple quality and competition ability. Application of combinatorial training can promote competition of skaters.5. The study of physical performance training methods and workloads in national elite speed skater showed: The training methods of our national skaters were too complicated. Training workload leads towards aerobic capacity training, whose training intensity was very low and has no practical performance.6. The annual training task of speed skaters was arranged according to competition, and the workload in different period has different characters. The number of participating in matches was key factors of keeping best physical performance state and show optimal competition state.更多还原