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基于生态位理论的城市劳动力竞争分析
【作者】 马超群；
【导师】 曹明明；
【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 人文地理学， 2011， 博士
【副题名】以西安为例
【摘要】 城市劳动力竞争是当代经济、社会理论研究与政策实践中的焦点问题之一。1990年代以来,在信息化、快速工业化和城市化的背景下,中国大城市内部经济结构发生急剧变化。劳动力群体及其竞争形式随竞争环境不同而发生变化,其在空间上的演化方式也是城市内部空间结构演变的重要组成部分和重要推动因素。回顾多年来城市发展历程,诸多与劳动力竞争有关的现象和社会问题层出不穷：下岗职工再就业困难,农民工大量涌入,劳动力市场过饱和,大学生就业困难,劳动保障机制难以建立等等。为什么在经济高速发展的同时会出现大量的失业现象?在劳动力就业过程中下岗职工、农民工、大学生和现有就职者,他们之间存在什么样的的关系?为什么在城市中有些区域朝气蓬勃,有些区域暮色沉沉,这与劳动力竞争有什么关系?在这里,城市中的劳动力不仅只具有数量特征,同时具备质量、结构等更为复杂的特性,劳动力竞争也不仅仅被看作是个体之间的行为,同时更体现为不同群体之间的冲突。因此,有必要重新审视城市劳动力竞争的形成和演变机制,从理论研究中寻求对当前面临问题与挑战的合理解释。以往的理论研究与实践存在一定局限性,理论研究或偏重于宏观层面的劳动力数量供需和空间流动格局分析,或重微观过程剖析,将劳动力以纯生产要素性质在“经济效益最大化”原则的指导下进行对比研究,而实践中对劳动力之间相互关系和空间布局的考核量化也往往过于单一。劳动力竞争、流动转移、空间分布是一种经济、社会发展的选择过程,也是劳动力自身存在状态的调整过程,其背后是类似生态学中种群竞争的演化过程,而对资源的共同需求和竞争下的相互妥协均衡是这些竞争过程产生的原因所在。基于这一视角,本文研究的总体思路是,将生态学生态位分析方法引入到劳动力竞争供需矛盾问题的研究中来,以西安市为例,对城市劳动力竞争形成的特征和空间格局及流动过程进行实证分析,并剖析隐藏在劳动力竞争背后的供需矛盾,将城市劳动力竞争演变的动力架构在各利益主体之间的冲突之上,在此基础上对城市劳动力竞争的规律性特征进行分析,揭示本研究所包含的政策启示。全文分为三大部分。理论基础部分包括第一、二、三章,主要阐明选题意义,并回顾已有的相关研究,建立研究理论框架；实证研究部分包括第四章到第七章；第三部分是结论与展望。主要结论概括如下：(1)把生态位理论引入劳动力竞争领域或类似社会研究领域是可行的。(2)西安市目前正处在经济结构和产业结构转型阶段,原有的结构体系已被打破,新的体系正在建立,形成了劳动力竞争的特殊环境背景；生产资料和劳动力分化程度不同,劳动力群体之间的竞争初具条件。(3)在供需不同状态下,不同类型劳动力表现出同样的以大专学历为最强的竞争格局,而行业竞争出现错位。(4)竞争压力是形成劳动力定向流动的原动力。在压力的作用下,劳动力定向流动形成劳动力竞争的空间格局。(5)西安市根据压力状态和行业差异,划分为中心城区(包括雁塔、莲湖、新城)和外围区(包括未央、灞桥),中心区整体竞争压力大于外围区,劳动力竞争呈现随距离增加而衰减的趋势。中心区内低端需求压力大,而高端需求呈现不足；外围区低端需求压力相对较小,高端需求引力小于中心区域。劳动力在中心区和外围区进行交换流动,中心和外围区域间形成低端劳动力向外围区流动和高端劳动力向城内涌动两种定向流动方式。
【Abstract】 Labour Competition in urban area is one of the focuses of the social, economic theory research and policy practice. Since 1990s’, at the background of informationization, rapid industrialization and urbanization, the inner economic structure of large city has changed dramatically in China.Labour groups and its form of the competition changed with the change of competitive environment, and the patterns of the evolution of them is the important component of the evolution of city inner spatial structure, and is also the important driving forces for the evolution of city inner spatial structure.Reviewing the development history of the large city for many years, many phenomena and social problems are related to labour competition, such as employment project for laid-off workers, the invading peasant workers, the saturated labor market, the difficulty to be employee for the undergraduates and the establishment for labor security mechanism, etc. Why has so much unemployment in the highly developing economy society? Is there some kind of relationship among laid-off workers and invaded peasants, undergraduates and the existing office in the process of employment? Why some regions are full of youthful spirit, while some areas are not? What kind of relationship with labour competition? Since labours in the city have the complex attributes in quantity, quality and structure, so the competition of the labours in the city is not only the behaviour of someone himself, but also the conflict among the different groups. So, it is necessary to examine the formation and the evolution of the labour competition, and to explain the current challenge and problems reasonably.There is some limitation in the past theory study and practice. Theory study paid more attention to demand and supply of the quantity of labours at macro scale, or to the analysis for the micro process, which compared labours based on the doctrine of maximize carried out of the productive factors.While, in practice, the quantification of the relationship and the pattern among labours is often single.With reference to ecological theory, labour competition and labour flowage and transfer, and the spatial distribution of labour are process of choice in social and economic development, and are also the process of adjustment of the labours’status quo, and there is some kind of evolution process assemble to population competition in ecology, and the common between them is that the compromises and balancement facing the common demand and competition.Based on this viewpoint, the paper study the supply and demand of labour competition base on the ecology niche analysis by taking Xi’an city as a case study. With positive analysis, the feature of labour competition, the pattern of labour competition and labor flowage and transfer are studied, and the implicit conflict of supply and demand of labour competition is analyzed by putting the driving force of labour competition on the conflicts among different interests subjects, and then, the law of labour competition in large city is analyzed, and the policy implication is disclosed.The paper is composed of three parts. The first part is of theory, which includes the first, the second and the third chapter, which mainly explains the meaning of the study reviews the related studies and establishes the theory framwork. The second part is of positive analysis, which includes from the fourth chapter to the eighth chapter.The third part is conclusion..The main conclusions are that, firstly, it is feasible to study labour competition and similar social problems with reference to ecological niche theory. Secondly, nowadays, Xi’an city is currently undergoing economic and industrial structure transition, and the former system has been broken, and the new system is being established, which forms the particular context for labour competition, the competition among different laour groups with different means of production and labor is rudimentary. Then, in different status of dema the labours with college diploma is the most competitive of all different kinds of labours, and the pressure is spatial mismatch. Then, competitive pressure is the driving force for the directional flowage and transfer of labours, and finally determines the spatial pattern and directional flow. Lastly, Xi’an city is divided into central urban area and peripheral suburban area. The central urban area concludes Yanta district, Lianhu district, Xincheng district, while the peripheral suburban area includes Weiyang district and Baqiao district. The labour competition in the central urban area is much more violently than in the peripheral suburban area, and the labour competition is wakening with distance increasing from the central urban area to peripheral suburban area. In the central urban area, the demand pressure at the lower level is much more violent, while the demand at the higher level is insufficiency, while in the peripheral suburban area, the demand pressure at lower level is relatively slighter, and the attractive force of demand higher-level labour is relatively smaller than in the central urban area. So, labours flow and transfer between the central urban area and the peripheral suburban area, forms the emigrant of the lower level labours to peripheral suburban area and immigrant of the higher lvel labours to central urban area.