【作者】 陈卓伦；

【导师】 孟庆林； 赵立华；

【作者基本信息】 华南理工大学 ， 建筑技术科学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 湿热气候控制了我国东部沿海大部分经济发达省市,这些地区城市化发展迅速,人口众多,由于气候变化等原因而引起住宅小区室外微气候恶化的现象越来越严重。本文针对这一地区常见的两类四种住宅组团布局形式,系统地研究不同绿化体系及其设计参数、组合方式等对室外热环境质量及建筑能耗的综合作用。笔者重点开展了以下研究:1)住宅区室外热环境现场实测、夏季居民室外热舒适调查问卷以及建筑单体能耗调研测试分析。以广州某典型住宅小区为例,采用现场定点观测及流动测量相结合的方法,研究其夏季室外热环境变化规律;通过现场进行热舒适问卷及同步观测微气候参数的方法,测试该小区内主要休憩场所内人群的热舒适状况,总结分析不同热舒适预测指标在湿热气候的适用性;以华南理工大学东湖广场及励吾科技楼为对象,采用定点观测的方法,测试夏季室外温湿度沿高度方向的分布规律;以广州某典型住宅小区为对象,通过现场访问及调研的方法,获得逐月用电记录,分析景观设计指标的变化对建筑全年用电量的影响。现场测试及调研的结果为校验微气候流体力学模拟软件ENVI-met在湿热气候的适用性、室外热环境耦合模拟方法的提出以及住宅组团景观设计因子量变模拟分析提供了依据。2)微气候流体力学模拟软件ENVI-met在湿热气候条件下的理论检验及实验校核(Verification & Validation, V&V)、敏感性分析。以广州为例,对ENVI-met软件的边界条件类型以及垂直网格形式进行了理论检验,并以住宅区室外热环境测试实验为对象进行了实验校核。同时,对软件自带的绿化植物种类、下垫面构造以及水体形式进行了敏感性分析。从而得到在湿热气候条件下进行微环境模拟时,该软件的模拟精度、最佳边界条件类型、垂直网格形式,以及适用于湿热地区景观绿化量变分析的植物种类、材料及构造。3)结合不同功能的数值仿真软件,提出住宅组团热环境及建筑能耗耦合动态模拟分析方法,实现从热安全、热舒适及能耗三个尺度来评价景观绿化设计因子对组团微气候的影响。根据CFD软件ENVI-met及能耗模拟软件EQUEST对输入输出量的要求,说明了热环境模拟用典型气象日、极端气象日以及能耗模拟用微气候典型气象年数据的选取生成方法,并以广州为例进行了差异性分析。经过检验,该组团热环境及建筑能耗耦合模拟方法具备广泛的适用性,可在湿热气候的其它地区以及其它气候特点不同的地区推广使用。4)采用住宅组团热环境及建筑能耗耦合动态模拟分析方法,对湿热气候典型城市广州的行列式、围合式住宅组团进行数值仿真模拟分析,定量地总结绿地率、水体覆盖率等景观设计指标、绿化类型及其组合方式、景观绿化带的分布形式这几个常用的景观设计因子对住宅组团微气候的影响规律,得到其与室外热环境参数(温度、风速、热强度指标HI、平均辐射温度MRT以及标准有效温度SET)的相关系数。根据这四个住宅组团景观绿化设计指标的耦合模拟结果,经回归得到了绿地率、乔木占地率、草地占地率及水体占地率等绿化体系设计中常用的四个参数与室外热环境评价指标(HI、MRT、SET)之间的关系式;发现各组团形式中,绿地率的回归公式与室外热环境评价指标模拟值的确定系数最大,吻合度较好,可用于工程设计对热环境评价指标的快速计算。更多还原

【Abstract】 The hot-humid climate dominates the economic advanced areas along the ocean in east China. These areas have high speed in urbanization and large amount of population. However, the problems of poor-quality outdoor microclimate because of climate change are becoming worse. The objective of this thesis is to systematically research on the integrated effects of vegetation systems and their design factors on the outdoor thermal environment and building energy under four of the most-common types of residential community in these areas. The major study objects include:1) Field measurements of outdoor thermal environment in residential communities, face-to-face investigations of residents’outdoor thermal comfort in summer and investigations of energy consumption of apartment buildings and communities. A field experiment of outdoor thermal environment in summer was carried out in a typical residential community in Guangzhou. By combining field measurements of local meteorological parameters with thermal comfort surveys, the residents’thermal sensations were investigated in the public areas of the same community. Then a comparative analysis among various types of most commonly-used thermal comfort index was carried out to investigate their compliance in the hot-humid outdoor conditions. Vertical measurements of temperature and humidity were carried out in the LiWu Building in the campus of South China University of Technology during the summer season. Utility bills of apartment buildings in a residential community in Guangzhou were surveyed to analyze the landscaping effects on building energy consumption. All these experiment data and investigation results provide necessary information, evidence and data to validate the CFD software ENVI-met, studies on the integrated simulation method of outdoor thermal environment and parametric researches on landscaping design factors.2) Verification, validation and sensitive analysis of micro-climatic CFD simulation software ENVI-met in hot-humid climate. Employed Guangzhou as a target city, the settings in ENVI-met, including boundary condition type and vertical grid size were verified. The experiment results of a Guangzhou residential community was employed to validate the software. The default settings of vegetation types, material and water depth in ENVI-met were also sensitively tested. As a result, the simulation accuracy, best boundary condition type, vertical grid size, suitable vegetation, materials and their constructions for the application in hot-humid climate was obtained.3) Through combining software with various functions, an integrated simulation method of outdoor thermal environment and building energy consumption is presented. This method can be used to evaluate the effects of vegetation systems on microclimate in the levels of thermal safety, thermal comfort and building energy conservation. Taken the input and output requirements of ENVI-met and EQUEST, the thesis presented methods to obtain Micro TMD, extreme TMD and Macro TMY from traditional TMY data for various simulation purposes. A further validation and test showed that this method is applicable to hot-humid climate or any other climate.4) Four various arrays of buildings in a community were taken as a research sample to quantified the integrated effects of landscaping design factors, including greening ratio, water-area ratio, vegetation belts, vegetation types and their combination way. The relationships between these factors and thermal environmental parameters (wind, temperature, Heat Index, Mean Radiant Temperature and Standard Effective Temperature) were concluded from the integrated simulation of CFD and energy consumption. Simplified calculation formulas were regressed for green ratio, watered-area ratio, tree ratio and grass ratio in a community on the index of HI, MRT and SET. The thesis revealed that the formula of greening ratio agreed best with thermal comfort index for all the four different community types and thus can be applied to use in practice.更多还原