萧一山史学研究

【作者】 张光华；

【导师】 姜胜利；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 史学理论及史学史， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 萧一山是20世纪20至40年代很有影响的学者之一。他不仅在历史文献的整理与考释、清史研究、文化史研究诸领域成绩突出,史学思想之丰富、历史观之深刻亦不逊色于同时代许多史家。因此,系统研究其学术成果及学术思想,对认识近代史学发展的多元性、丰富近代史学史研究的内涵,具有重要意义。史料的搜集与整理方面。萧一山一生出版《太平天国丛书第一集》、《太平天国诏谕》、《太平天国书翰》、《近代秘密社会史料》等史料学著作四部,曾被誉为太平天国史料第一人。虽然存在某些失误,但成就已远远超出刘复、程演生等学界前辈,其中体现的大胆怀疑与阙疑存异精神与正宗的史料派学者并无二致。清史著述方面。《清代通史》在体裁体例、史料来源、历史观等诸多方面开创了清史研究的新局面;《清史大纲》以民族革命史观贯穿始终,虽然“革命意味过重”,但它创立了一种全新的近代史解释模式;《曾国藩传》详于曾氏学术而略其事功,其中寄托了萧一山立功、立德、立言的人生理想;《清史》系就《清史大纲》改编而成,调整去取之间时刻体现出作者的“匠心微意”。文化史研究方面。萧一山的文化史研究视角独特,他通过中庸哲学和现代辩证法的比对确认传统文化的优越地位,在此基础上展开对中庸文化、中国国民性演变、传统文化出路等问题的探索。虽然对辩证法理解不够深入,但萧一山确实把握了传统文化的某些特点,并在经世精神的推动下,实现了极端保守和激进西化两种文化观的奇妙统一。史学思想方面。萧一山赋予“经世”以现代意义,并将其作为自己毕生治学的出发点和最终归宿。这是他史学思想的灵魂。即便在距离现实最远的史料学领域,经世思想仍然有十分鲜明的体现。《清代通史》以章节体为框架,吸收编年、纪传、纪事本末体的写法,体现出他对史书体裁的独到见解。详近略远、“政治、经济、文化均衡铨叙”、关注下层社会也是萧一山时刻遵循的史书编撰原则。史学著作审美更为后人树立了榜样。历史观方面。民族革命史观的最终目的是论证三民主义的合理性。它不能合理解释经济、文化的演进过程,并排斥了天地会、太平天国以外的农民运动。但其中并不包含民族歧视的成分,对丰富近代史研究亦有不可否认的学术意义。英雄史观虽不为我们所认同,但他对这一史观的宣扬隐含着敦促“英雄们”担负起抗战救国责任的现实要求。一分为二的历史人物评价方法、“大圈”、“小圈”理论等同样能够体现萧氏的卓识。萧氏学术是在“经世”思想的推动下,从“论史求真”开始,经由“拟经纶大法”,最后到达社会现实的学术体系,当可称之为“经世之学”。他的学术思想受到孙中山、蔡元培、梁启超、曾国藩的较大影响,同时广泛了吸收各个领域的研究成果。其学术地位可用“孤独的学界彗星”概括:言其孤独,是因为他的不少学术思想与学界主潮相悖;言其为“彗星”,是因为其成就虽然一时间光芒四射,但学术生命过于短暂。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of the most influential scholars between Twenties and Forties of the twentieth century, Xiao Yishan not only made prominent achievements in the field of historical documents, studies of Qing Dynasty and cultural history, but the richness of the historical thoughts and the profundity of historical views were not inferior to contemporary historians also. Therefore, systematic researches of his achievements are of great significance in improving awareness of the diversity of modern historiography.Xiao Yishan published four books of historic data during his life, including Series of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom(episode one),Decrees of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Letters of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Historical Data of the Secret Society in Modern Time, known as pioneer of the collection about Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Although there were some mistakes, his achievements had gone far beyond Liu Fu, Cheng Yansheng and other predecessors. Furthermore, his spirit of suspicion and Deposition of varieties were exactly the same as other famous scholars.General History of the Qing Dynasty created a new situation in the study of Qing Dynasty in the genre style, sources of historical data, historical views and many other aspects; the ethnic revolution was the main thread of the Outline History of the Qing Dynasty. Although the revolutionary atmosphere was too rich, it created a totally new interpretation mode of the modern history; Zeng Guofan’s Biography emphasized on Zeng’s academic thoughts and simplified his battlefield attribution, faintly pinned his ideal of politics, education and academic; History of Qing Dynasty was an adaptation of Outline History of the Qing Dynasty. Its adjustment reflected the author’s special aims all the time.Xiao Yishan had a unique angle in the research of culture. He confirmed the supremacy of traditional culture by comparison of Zhongyong Philosophy and dialectics. Based on these arguments, he made full research of changes in traditional culture, national character and the outlook of Chinese culture. Though his understanding of dialectics was not deep enough, Xiao accurately pointed out certain characteristics of traditional culture. And, under the impetus of Serving the Reality, two conflict attitudes toward traditional culture, that is, ultra-conservative and radical Westernization, unified perfectly in his works.Xiao Yishan endowed traditional Serving the Reality with modern sense. This was the soul of Xiao’s academic thoughts and final destination of his research. Even in the collection of historical data, which was far from reality, we still can see this intensive feeling. Within the framework of Zhangjieti, he absorbed the writing methods of Chi Chuan, Chronicle and Jishibenmo, showing his deep insights of genre. Emphasizing on modern and abbreviating on ancient time, balance narration of politics, economy and culture, concerning about the lower classes, etc, were also firm principles which were followed by Xiao Yishan in compiling history books. He also set an example for later historians in aesthetic of history books.Historical view of ethnic revolution’s ultimate aim was to explain rationality of the platform of Chinese Nationalist Party. It could not provide a reasonable explanation about the evolution of economy and culture. It excluded many farmer revolutions outside of Tiandihui and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but it did not include ingredients of ethnic discrimination and were of great academic significance in enriching the research of modern history. We can not agree with his Heroic View of History, but the propaganda was to urge those heroes to take on their responsibility of national salvation. On the evaluation of historical figure, his one dividing into two methods were in accord with our opinion. The social development theory of Great Circle and Small circle also reflected his deep historical insights too.Xiao Yishan’s learning was an academic system beginning from seeding historical reality, via finding social law, and reaching vivid social reality finally. As the thought of Serving Reality played an important role in this system, we can also call it Learning of Serving Reality. His academic thoughts were more influenced by Cai yuanpei, Sun Yat-sen, Liang Chi-chao and Zeng Guofan in a certain sense, but it also broadly absorbed achievements in various fields. His academic status can be summed as a Lonely Academic Comet. Because his many thoughts departed from the main stream of academic circle, we say he was lonely; because his academic life was too short, we call him a comet.更多还原