【作者】 章茹；

【导师】 周文斌；

【作者基本信息】 南昌大学 ， 环境工程， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 实现资源利用和环境保护相协调的最佳途径是流域综合管理。发达国家早在七十年前即对流域综合管理和面源污染控制展开广泛的研究,目前已经形成了较完整的管理体系和技术实施规范。其中,美国的基于最大日负荷总量计划（Total Daily Maximum Load,TMDL）的最佳管理措施（Best ManagementPractices,BMPs）最具代表性。最近新型的BMPs技术LID（Low ImpactDevelopment）也在发展中。我国的流域水管理已经基本实现了对点源污染的控制,因此面源污染的问题日显重要。和点源污染相比,面源污染的特点是:地域范围大、随机性强、成因复杂,形成过程受地理、气候、土壤等多种因素影响,监测、控制、处理和管理难度较大。目前我国对面源污染控制的研究还处于起步阶段,尚未形成系统的理论研究和完整的工程控制手册。茜坑水库是深圳市重要饮用水源调蓄水库,其水质的好坏不仅关系当地居民的身体健康,而且间接影响深圳市经济的可持续发展。本研究针对茜坑水库集水区的水质问题,在总量控制的框架下实施了面源污染控制——最佳管理措施的示范工程。结合土壤流失方程（USLE）估算水土流失量和现场水质监测,根据茜坑水库流域的具体管理要求和地形地貌,设计、施工、监测和评价了两处BMPs,分别是水库库区的串联式BMPs系统（湿地+滞留槽+草沟）和水库管理处的LID（Low Impact Development,LID）（植生槽和植生滞留槽）,并对所设计的BMPs进行工程概算及成本效益核算。本研究选取八场代表性暴雨进行了现场监测,采用平均浓度法（Event MeanConcentration Method,EMC）评价BMPs对污染物的去除效率,利用箱式图、进出水污染物正态分布图等统计方法对BMPs的去除效率进行分析。建立植生滞留槽的初步模型并进行模拟。数据表明:（1）在一般的暴雨条件下（20mm～40mm）,滞留池/湿地系统对TSS的去除率可达到70%～90%,对BOD₅的去除率在20%～50%,对营养盐的去除率在30%～70%之间;（2）植生槽和植生滞留槽对污染物去除效率相对比较高。TSS的去除率在70%～90%,BOD₅的去除率在60%～70%左右,营养盐的去除率在40%～70%;（3）在较大的暴雨条件下,BMPs对污染物去除率均有下降。在现场测试研究的基础上,针对流域管理的实际情况,本研究从非工程性BMPs和工程性BMPs两方面提出茜坑水库流域面源污染控制一系列的切实可行的措施和建议。针对集中住宅区、分散式居住地、库区裸露土地、果园及农业用地、小型工业用地等,非工程性BMPs主要包括土地利用规划管理、污染源管理和农林用地管理等措施;工程性BMPs主要提出了建造生物滞留池、滞留池/湿地系统、草沟、缓冲草带、香根草草带系统和侵蚀控制毯等控制措施。茜坑水库流域面积较小,采用所提出的面源污染控制策略具有较强的可操作性,可根据需要逐步实施。本研究为今后国内的面源污染研究和BMPs的应用提供了参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Watershed management has been considered to be the best way for the realization of resource utilization and environmental protection. Developed in the early 1970s, extensive research has been carried out in the field of watershed management and non-point source pollution control. More complete management system and the technical norms have now established in developed countries. Best Management Practices （BMPs）, which based on the Total Daily Maximum Load Plan （TMDL）, is the most representative. Recently, a new type of BMPs technology LID （Low Impact Development） is also in development.In China, point source pollution has been under control in watershed management; therefore, the problems of non-point source pollution control are highlight important. Contrast to point source pollution, non- point source pollution is characterized by strong randomness, the distribution of a wide range, multiple impact factors, the complex formation mechanism, strong hysteretic nature. So, it is difficult to monitor, control, treat and manage the non-point source pollution. At present, the research on non-point source pollution control is just getting start in China, deep theoretical research and engineering control manual have not formed yet.Xikeng Reservoir is an important reservoir for drinking water source storage at Shenzhen, the water quality not only relates the health of local residents, but also affects the sustainable economic development of Shenzhen city. In this study, in view of the reservoir water quality issues, a pilot project is implemented for non-point source pollution control. Specific watershed management requirements and the local conditions of Xikeng Reservoir catchment, such as landscape and climate, were considered. Two locations were chosen for BMPs design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. One is BMPs train system （including wetland, pond, and swale） at the reservoir, and the other is LID （including planter box and biobox） at reservoir administration building area. Project budgetary and cost-efficiency were estimated too.Eight representative rain storms were selected for on-site monitoring in this study. Pollutant removal efficiency was evaluated by the event mean concentration method （EMC）; statistical methods （Box-and-Whisker Plot, normal distribution） were used for data analysis. Biobox model was designed preliminarily too. Data show that: （1）Under normal conditions （storm precipitation is 20mm～40mm）, the removal efficiency of BMPs train on TSS could reach 70%～90%; BOD₅ removal efficiency was 20% to 50%, and nutrients removal efficiency was between 30% and 70 %;（2） The pollutants removal efficiencies of planter box and biobox were relatively high. TSS removal efficiency was 70%～90%, BOD5 removal efficiency was 60% to 70% and the removal efficiency of nutrients was 40%～70%;（3） Heavy rain conditions, BMPs on pollutant removal efficiency decrease. Aiming at the situation of Xikeng Reservoir, a series best management practicesand proposal have been put forward, including structural management practices and non-structural management practices. Non-structural BMPs include land-use planning and management, pollution management and agriculture, forestry, land management measures; Structural BMPs are mainly targeted at concentrated residential areas, distributed residence, bare land at the reservoir area , orchards and agricultural land, small industrial sites. Bio-retention pond, detention pond, wetland system, vetiver grass strip systems and erosion control blankets and other control measures are suggested. This study provides experience for non-point source pollution control and the application of BMPs in China.更多还原