【作者】 纪锐利；

【导师】 王英志；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 论诗诗这一颇具民族特色的理论样式,萌芽于《诗经》,成熟于唐代,历经宋、元、明几代发展,时至清代,迎来了它的黄金时期。其在清代的发展史,大体可划分为四个阶段:承继与振兴期、发展期、发展高峰期、转型期。(一)承继与振兴期,实则也是一个转型期。这一时期的论诗诗直接继承杜甫、元好问论诗诗的创作传统,并有所发展。这一时期的多位作家的论诗诗创作水平都相当高,所以,在这一时期论诗诗创作就已呈现出一派振兴景象。主要代表作家为钱谦益,他可谓清代论诗诗的奠基者与开拓者,其论诗诗作品的艺术形式与论诗思想,都对后人的影响很大,基本上奠定了清代论诗诗的发展基调;这一时期以顾炎武、吴嘉纪等人为代表的遗民诗人,也留下了大量论诗诗。他们用论诗诗发表各自的诗学见解,思想丰富而又深刻,风格多种多样,使这一时期的论诗诗创作出现了异彩纷呈的局面;在清初后期的诗坛,出现了由唐及宋的诗风转化,而这一转化则清晰地体现在朱彝尊与陈维崧的论诗诗中。(二)经过明清之际众多诗人的努力,至康熙时代,清代论诗诗进入了它的发展期。这一时期出现了一位丰碑式的人物——王士禛。他积极地用论诗诗宣传他的神韵说主张。其论诗诗不仅数量多,而且艺术水平高,标志着论诗诗的发展进入了一个新的阶段。其主要代表作品为《戏仿元遗山论诗绝句三十二首》,从题目上可看出仍受元好问的影响,艺术水平有了进一步提高。除此之外,他还有很多单篇论诗诗,也取得了较高的成就。这一时期诗坛还有一个重要现象,就是宗宋思想的高涨,这一特征在以吴之振、查慎行等为首的众多作家的论诗诗中得到了体现。吴之振在其论诗诗中,往往明确表明自己的宗宋观点,但他又主张不能对宋诗做简单模拟。在艺术特色上,他的论诗诗以七律为多,表达上论点鲜明、态度明确。查慎行的论诗诗,在内容上主张诗歌创作虽要以学问为基础,但又不能在诗中卖弄学问。他很注重“白描”的方法。其论诗诗风格上表现为语言明白如话、自然晓畅。这一时期神韵说虽占诗坛统治地位,但是,以赵执信、田雯为代表的一部分山东作家却有的与神韵说唱反调,有的与神韵说保持游离姿态。这些特点,都在这些作家的论诗诗中表现出来。(三)清代乾、嘉时期,诗歌理论显示出多元并存的格局。此时门户林立,流派纷呈,如有格调派、浙派、肌理派、性灵派、桐城派等,另外,还有一些不立门派的诗人。各门各派的作家大多数都提出了自己的诗学见解,诗歌理论的发展出现了一个高峰。与之呼应,论诗诗也进入了它的发展高峰期。这一时期论诗诗的体制最为全面,如有以诗论词、以诗论文、以诗论曲、以词论诗等。另外,传统的样式——论诗绝句组诗,也有篇幅增大的趋势。格调派代表人物沈德潜,在其论诗诗中表现出鲜明的复古意识,具体表现为尊唐意识。他对以“明七子”为代表的复古派加以肯定的同时,又加以修正。他虽然也认识到诗歌抒发性情的本质特征,但实际上更加重视诗歌的政治伦理功能。他的论诗诗多以绝句为主,兼有古体诗歌。此外,格调派中的诗人还有王昶,他虽然继承了沈德潜的思想,但也提出了自己的观点。其论诗诗的风格是多样的,但又表现为以典雅为主。浙派代表诗人厉鹗,对论诗诗的贡献主要表现为写作《论词绝句十二首》。“论词绝句”是论诗诗的一种新体制,以厉鹗的成就最高。他在《论词绝句十二首》中所表达的词学思想是丰富而又深刻的。肌理派的代表人物主要有翁方纲和谢启昆。翁方纲的论诗诗表达了肌理说的主要观点。如主张义理、考据、词章三者统一;肯定宋诗;对神韵说和格调说作出修正。他的论诗诗在风格上表现为以学问为诗,使诗歌缺少性情,死气沉沉。谢启昆继承了翁方纲的一些思想,同时又吸收了性灵派的一些观点。他擅长创作大型论诗绝句,并且开拓了论诗诗新的表现领域——以诗论诗话。桐城派的诗人姚鼐、姚莹也留下了大量论诗诗。姚鼐主张以古文之法论诗,同时又倡导清新文风。重要的一点,在姚鼐论诗诗中,表达了对女性诗人的赞美,扩大了论诗诗的表现领域。姚莹强调诗歌的风雅传统,强调诗歌的社会功能,倡导雄壮诗风,具有一定的时代特征。他创作的《论诗绝句六十首》系统性较强,所表现诗学思想丰富,是论诗诗史上影响较大的作品。性灵派是这一时期影响巨大的诗歌流派。这一诗派的主要代表人物为袁枚,另外还有张问陶、赵翼、宋湘等人。袁枚的论诗诗,可以称为清代论诗诗史上的第二座丰碑。他的论诗诗作品包括《续诗品》、《仿元遗山论诗》以及一些单篇的论诗诗。《续诗品》是对《二十四诗品》的发展;《仿元遗山论诗》可以使我们更加全面、系统地理解其性灵说的理论。其论诗诗的风格主要是语言通俗、生动有趣。赵翼、张问陶、宋湘的论诗诗也不可忽视,他们同属于性灵派中的诗人,他们的论诗诗同样表现出进步的诗学观,其思想价值和艺术价值都达到了很高的水平。蒋士铨虽与袁枚、赵翼齐名,但他不属于性灵派中的人物。由他的论诗诗可看出,他虽认为诗歌以抒发性情为主,但他更强调诗歌要表现忠孝之心。他对袁枚等人提出了批评。洪亮吉也不是性灵派中人物,但他的论诗观点与性灵派相近。他的《道中无事偶作论诗截句二十首》充分表现了其诗学观点。舒位不但从事论诗诗创作,而且从理论上阐发了论诗诗发展的内在和外在动因。另外,他还开辟了论诗诗的新体制——以诗论曲。所以,舒位对论诗诗的贡献是卓越的。郑燮的以词论诗是对论诗诗体制的一个重要开拓。他的以词论诗概括性强,对作家、作品评点精当,在理论性与艺术性方面达到了高度统一。另外,这一时期女性诗人的论诗诗创作也十分活跃。如方芳佩、张藻都写出了思想性与艺术性较高的论诗诗作品。随园女弟子也留下了大量论诗诗。她们用论诗诗抒发创作感受、阐发艺术规律、评点作家与作品,显示了女性诗人的聪明和才智。(四)清代道光中期,中国社会面临重大的转型。社会变化,影响到了文学的发展,清代诗歌创作与理论也在经历一个变革与转型。作为诗与论结合的论诗诗,又出现了一次转型。此一时期的代表性论诗诗人为龚自珍。无论从其论诗诗的内容,还是形式,都显示出龚自珍是一位继往开来式的论诗诗作家。他强调诗要写真心;不立宗派,自由创作;还强调诗歌有干预现实的精神。在形式上,他的论诗诗表现为格律的自由化、句式的灵活、语言的俗化等。因此,他的论诗诗已经具有近代论诗诗的特点。所以,我们说,龚自珍是一位继往开来式的论诗诗人。由他之后,论诗诗的发展转入了近代时期。更多还原

【Abstract】 The poetry theorizing poetry ,one of the poetical theory forms with national characteristics ,germinated from the Book of Songs and maturated in Tang dynasty. Going though the development of three dynasties—Song,Yuan,Ming,till Qing dynasty,it was coming into its golden period—Qing dynasty phylogeny ,which could be divided into four periods:inherit and revival period,development period,fastigium,transformation period.(1) Inherit and revival period was actually another transformation period. The poetry theorizing poetry of this period directly inherited the producing tradition of Dufu,Yuan Haowen.but had its own development.During this period ,many poets had rather high level of poetry production.So the poetry production presented a prosperous vision.Its representative poet was Qian Qianyi,who was the frontier and founder of the poetry theorizing poetry in Qing dynasty and the artistic form of his poetry and his idea in theorizing.the poetry had a deep effect on later generations and laid a basic mood for the development of Qing poetry theorizing poetry. During this period ,the representatives of carry-overed poets like Gu yanwu,Wu Jiaji also produced a lot of poetry theorizing poetry.They expressed their own opinion about poetry with the poetry theorizing poetry which was rich and deep in thought and various in styles,making the production of the poetry theorizing poetry present colorful views.At the poetry circles of the upper period of the early Qing appeared the transformation of the stytles of poetry from Tang poems till Song poems,which was clearly embodied in the poetry theorizing poetry of Zhu Yizun and Chen Weisong.(2)With the effort of many poets during the transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty till the era of the Qing emperor Kangxi ,the poetry theorizing poetry of Qing dynasty turned into its development period,when appeared a very famous character—Wang Shizhen.He actively publicized his romantic theory with the poetry theorizing poetry.His poems were not only numerous ,but also had high art level,symbolizing that the poetry theorizing poetry had developed into a new stage.His mainly typical poems were Xi Fang Yuan Yi Shan Jueju thirty-two songs,from the title we could see that he was deeply infuenced by Yuan Haowen, but the art level of his poems had a further improvement.Besides,he still produced many single poems which also made great achievements.During this period, the parnassus also had an important phenomenon that was the upsurge of modeling Song poems,which was indicated in the poetry of many poets led by Wu Zhizhen and Zha Shenxing.Wu Zhizhen always clearly presented his opinion of modeling Song poems in his poetry theorizing poetry,but meanwhile he also claimed that we could not simply model the Song poems.From the view of the artistic feature,most of his poetry were seven syllable regulated verses with brilliant argument and definite attitude.Zha Shenxing claimed that in the poetry content, the production of poems should be based on the knowledge rather than the pedantry.He paid attention to the method of“line drawing”.His poetry were characterized by the simple and natural language in stytle. At that time, although the romantic theory dominated the parnassus,some of Shangdong poets represented by Zhao Zhixin and Tian Wen objected the romantic theory and some of them kept the dissociation state.All these features were expressed in the poetry theorizing poetry of these poets.(3) During the period of Qianlong and Jiaqing in Qing dynasty, the poetry theory displayed a mutiple-coexistence pattern with various schools such as pattern school, Zhe school, texture school, nature school, Tongcheng school and so on. In addition ,there were also some poets belonging to no schools. Most of the poets from the different schools proposed their own opinions about poetry, so the development of the poetry theory came forth a peak. Then the poetry theorizing poetry also came into its own developing peak. At that time the system of the poetry was the most complete, made up of commenting on poetic genre by poems, commenting on articles by poems, commenting on songs by poems, commenting on poems by poetic genre and so on. Besides ,the traditional style—grouping poems of poetry theorizing poetry also had an increscent trend in length.Shen Deqian ,the representative character of pattern school, indicated his clear concept of returning to the ancients in his poetry with the incorporate of respecting the Tang stytle. While he affirmed the Fugu school represented by seven—son group in Ming dynasty ,he also modified it. Even though he recognized the essence of expressing personal emotions of poems, actually he attached great importance to the political and ethical function of poems.His poetry theorizing poetry were mainly made up of Jue Ju(four-line rhymed poetry),as well as archaism poems. In addition, Wang Chang also belonged to the pattern achool. Even though he inherited the thought of Shen Deqian, he also proposed his own opinion in his poetry theorizing poetry. For example,he claimed the coexistence of various stytles. His poetry theorizing poetry were rich in stytles but the elegance was the main part.Li E, the representative poet of Zhe school, made great contribution to the poetry theorizing poetry—Lunci Jueju twelve songs.“Lunci Jueju”was a new system of poetry theorizing poetry ,among which Li E made the greatest achievement. The theory he expressed in the Lunci Jueju twelve songs was abundant and deep.Weng Fanggang and Xie Qikun were the two main representative characters of texture school. Weng Fanggang’s poetry theorizing poetry expressed the primary views of texture school. For example,he claimed the unite of morality, knowledge, and words and he also affirmed Song poems.he still modified the romantic theory and pattern theory.his poetry were characterized by the knowledge in stytle and were lack of temperament. Xie Qikun inherited some thought of Weng fanggang and also absorbed some viewpoints of nature school. He was good at producing great Lunshi Jueju and exploited a new area of the poetry theorising poetry—commenting poetic words by poetry.Yao Nai,Yao Ying, these two poets of Tongcheng school also produced a large number of poetry theorising poetry. Yao Nai claimed that the poetry should be commented on by the method of ancient articles and meanwhile he also advocated fresh style of writing.One of the most important points in the poetry of Yao Nai was to express the admiration of femail poets,which enlarged the domains of the poetry theorising poetry. Yao Ying emphasized the tradition of "being elegant" of poetry and the social function of poetry, as well as the stytle of being majestic with certain contemporary characteristics. His Lunshi Jueju sixty songs,with strong system and rich thought, were considered as very influential literary works in the history of the poetry theorising poetry.Nature school were another influential school during that period.The main representatives were Yuan Mei as well as Zhang Wentao, Zhao Yi, Song Xiang and so on.Yuan Mei’s poetry theorising poetry could also be considered as the second milestone of the poetry theorising poetry in Qing dynasty.His poetry theorising poetry included Xu Shi Pin, Fang Yuan Yi Shan Lun Shi and some single poems.Xu Shi Pin was the development of twenty-four Shi Pin.Fang Yuan Yishan Lun Shi could make us comprehend the theory of nature school wholely and systematically.His poetry theorising poetry were characterized by popular and lovely language.But meanwhile the poetry of Zhao Yi,Zhang Wentao,Song Xiang also could not be overlooked,as they belonged to the same school of Nature and their poetry theorising poetry also indicated progressive poetics view and its idea value and art value both reached a very high level.Although Jiang Shiquan enjoyed the comparable reputation of Yuan Mei and Zhao Yi,he didn’t belong to the school of nature.From the view of his poetry theorising poetry,although he thought the poems should be characterized by expressing temperament ,he paid more attention to the loyalty and faith of poems.He criticized Yuan Mei and other people.Hong Liangji was not one of the nature school,but his poetry view was similar to the school of nature.His poetry Dao Zhong Wu Shi Ou Zuo Lun Shi Jueju twenty songs fully expressed his poetics view.Shuwei not only produced the poetry theorising poetry,but also explained the outer agent and internal agent of the development of peotry theorising poetry.Besides,he also pioneered a new system of poetry theorising poetry—commenting on songs by poetry,so Shuwei was considered to be a poet who made great contribution to the poetry theorising poetry.Zheng Xie’s new stytle of poetry—commenting on poems by poetic genre was considered as another deploitation of the poetry system.His poetry theorising poetry were famous for the strong generality and appropriate comment on the writers and works,which reached a high unite of theory and art.In addition,during this period,the female poets were also very active in creating poetry theorising poetry.For example,Fang Fangpei and Zhang Zao both produced poetry theorising poetry with high thought and art in them.They expressed their personal emotions and explained the art discipline and made comment on the writers and works,displaying the wisdom and ability of female poets.(4)During the middle period of Daoguang reign,Chinese society faced an important transformation of social structure,which deeply influenced the development of literature.As a result,the production of poetry also experienced a revolution and transformation in the stytle and theory. The poetry theorising poetry——the combination of poems and comments,experienced another transformation.Gong Zizhen was the representative poet during that period.From the veiw of the content and the form,we could see Gong Zizhen was an outstanding poet of the poetry theorising poetry.He emphasized that poems should be composed with true feeling;there was no need to establish schools and the free production was encouraged;and he also claimed that poems should have the spirit of caring about the real-life.His poetry were characterized by the free rules and forms,vivid structure,popular language and so on. So his poetry had already had the feature of modern poetry theorising poetry.Then we could make the conclusion that Gong Zizhen was an outstanding poet.After him,the poetry theorising poetry developed into a mordern period.更多还原