【作者】 孟维韧；

【导师】 王伯伦；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 为明确栽培因子对水稻产量、品质、生理性状和氮、磷、钾等营养元素的吸收利用的影响,探求产量与品质等性状的关系,对不同栽培措施下水稻群体的有关性状进行了研究,结果表明:1.以36个粳稻品种为试材,根据水稻着粒密度可将试材分为散穗型、半散穗型、半紧穗型和紧穗型四种类型。半散穗型和半紧穗型品种产量较高,达到显著水平,品质明显好于紧穗型品种。在籽粒灌浆结实期,半散穗型和半紧穗型品种的单叶净光合速率较高,后期生产的干物质较多,谷草比较大。半紧穗型和半散穗型品种产量较高,食味品质较好,选择适宜着粒密度的材料,容易育出高产优质品种。2.以半直立穗水稻品种沈稻9号,沈稻3号为供试材料,研究栽培因子对产量的影响,结果表明,决定产量的主要因子为插秧穴距和施氮量。增加氮肥施用对水稻增产效果最明显,但存在报酬递减现象。对于产量构成因素来说,沈稻3号的沈稻9号的穗数受栽培措施影响较大,而每穗粒数和千粒重这两个性状既受栽培条件影响,又受穗数的调节。增施氮肥可以增加每亩穗数,但千粒重降低。扩大插秧穴距,每穴穗数和每穗粒数都有增加的趋势,但单位面积穗数有所减少。3.各栽培措施下水稻群体的干物质重增长呈显著的S型曲线（Logistic方程）。增施氮肥,干物质增长较快,最终较多。插秧穴距对总干物质重影响达到极显著水平。对穗重比例的影响达到显著水平,较大插秧穴距的组合穗重比例较高。秧田播种量对抽穗后干物质生产量的影响达到显著水平。高产类型组合在前期生长量较高,特别是齐穗期的生长量较高,为前期灌浆提供了充足的物质基础。不同产量类型生长速率差异显著,在拔节期至齐穗期,高产群体均保持较高的群体生长速率,与低产群体差异达到显著水平。在灌浆期至成熟期,高产群体的生长速率也高于其它群体。4.氮肥、磷肥的增施有利于水稻后期叶绿素含量的增加,钾肥的施用量与叶绿素含量呈抛物线关系。高产类型组合的净光合速率在较长的时期维持在较高的水平,在籽粒灌浆关键期保持较高的物质生产水平。增施氮肥可以提高净光合速率。氮肥和磷肥的施用有利于提高胞间CO₂浓度。5.垩白面积、垩白率和垩白度虽然受遗传因素制约,但栽培因子对其影响较大,属于栽培因子敏感性状。增施氮肥同时降低钾肥的施用量有利于糙米率和精米率的提高。施磷量对整精米率影响极显著,二者间呈抛物线关系。垩白粒率受氮肥施量影响较大,随着施氮量的增加,垩白粒率增多。增大插秧穴距可以降低垩白粒率、减小长宽比。播种密度与垩白度呈极显著的线性关系,播种密度加大、垩白度增加。增施氮肥,蛋白含量提高,品质评价值下降。6.各生育时期器官中以叶片的含氮率最高,群体吸氮量与产量间呈抛物线,群体吸氮量在150kg每公顷时稻谷产量较高。氮肥的施用对籽粒含磷率呈负效应。齐穗期的叶片含氮率与成粒率呈显著的正相关。齐穗期籽粒的含氮率与产量呈显著的正相关。氮肥的施用有利于锰的吸收,扩大穴距,增施磷肥对锰的群体吸收为负效应。插秧穴距对沈稻3号的锌、铜、铁元素吸收量均为负效应。镁群体吸收量受栽培因子的变化影响较大,其受穴距与氮肥、磷肥、钾肥间的交互作用影响,增加穴距,增施氮肥和磷肥有利于镁的群体吸收量的增加。更多还原

【Abstract】 Using rice cultivars bred recently in Liaoning as materials,the rice yield,physiological trait and quality in different cultivation measures were researched.The objective was to determine that the effect of cultivation factors on yield,physiological trait and quality,the optimal application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,and the relationship of quality traits and yield traits.The results showed as follow:1.The results showed that 36 cultivars could be classified into lax,semi-lax,semi-dense and dense panicle types.Significant difference was found in grain yield and semi-lax and semi-dense panicle cultivars had higher yield.Compared with the others,dense panicle cultivars was inferior in quality traits.The semi-lax and semi-dense panicle type cultivars had higher net photosynthetic rate at the filling growth stage,dry weight and ratio of grain to straw at the ripening stage.In a word,grain yield and eating quality in semi-lax and semi-dense panicle type cultivars were higher than those of others.According to spikelet density,the cultivars with high yield and good quality could be easily selected.2.Using semi-erect cultivars,Shengdao 9 and Shengdao 3,as materials,the study was conducted to determine the effect of cultivation factors on rice yield.The results showedd that the key factors were spacing and nitrogen application amount.Higher nitrogen application amount could help to improve yield but it was also influcened by the reward descending rule. Panicle number in yield traits was appearly affect by cultivation measures.While number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight were affected by cultivation measures and panicle number.Hence to improve nitrogen application amount could conduct higher panicle number per unit area,lower 1000-grain weight.And to widen hill spacing could conduct higher panicle number per hill,higher grain per panicle and lower panicle number per unit area.3.The modle for dry matter accumulation in the growth period was fit well by Logistic equation.To improve nitrogen application amount could result in higher dry matter.Total dry matter weight and panicle weight were significant affected by hill spacing（p<0.01;p<0.05）. And dry matter weight was significant affected by seeding rate（p<0.05）.The cultivars with high yield had faster growth in early period,especially in full heading,which prepared for heading filling.Significant difference was found in growth rate among cultivars with different grain yield.From elongating to full heading,two cultivars maintained higher growth rate（p<0.01）.From heading to maturity high-yielding cultivars had higher growth rate.4.Application for nitrogen and phosphorus could promote chlorophyll content in the later growth period.The relationship beteen application amount of potassium and chlorophyll content presented parabola shape.High yield cultivars could retain high level Pn and high dry matter accumulation in filling period.Therefore,application of nitrogen could promote Pn, application of nitrogen and phosphorus could promote Ci(μmolCO₂·mol·l^-1 air).5.Chalky area,percentage of chalky kernel and chalkiness were restricted with inherent factors,and they were also affectted by cultivation measures.Higher application amount of nitrogen and lower potassium could result in higher brown rice rate and milled rice rate.And application amount of phosphorus affected head rice rate（p<0.01）,the relationship bwtween application amount of phosphorus and head rice rate presented parabola shape.There was positive correlation between percentage of chalkiness and application amount of nitrogen. Widen hill spacing could result in lower percentage of chalkiness and L/W.There was positive correlation between seeding rate and chalkiness（p<0.01）.Higher application amount of nitrogen could conduct high protein content and poor eating value.6.Leaf had higher nitrogen content(mg.g^-1).The nitrogen content and yield presented second-degree parabola shape,and the highest yield could be gotten when aborbing nitrogen content was 150 kg·ha^-1.Application amount of nitrogen had negitive correlation with phosphorus content.There were positive correlations between nitrogen content in leaf and NRG,nitrogen content in leaf at the full heading stage and grain yield（p<0.05）.And application of nitrogen helped the absorbing for Mn,while hill spacing and phosphorus affected absorbing for Mn.The hill spacing also affected absorbing for Zn,Cu and Fe.But Mg was a variable element.Application of nitrogen and phosphorus could promote absorbing for Mg.更多还原