【作者】 袁平；

【导师】 章力建； 蔡典雄；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 农业经济管理， 2008， 博士

【副题名】理论探讨与实证分析

【摘要】 农业污染已成为导致全球水污染等环境问题的主要污染源。大量数据资料显示,农业污染已经成为我国最严重的环境问题之一,并严重损害到农产品质量安全和人体健康。而且,与城市和工业污染备受关注并已初步得到有效控制相比,我国对农业污染的认识和关注程度明显不足,农业污染防控形势非常严峻。因此,实施有效的农业污染防控已经刻不容缓。本文选择从环境经济学角度对我国农业污染及其综合防控进行研究分析,主要研究内容和研究结论如下:(一)农业污染及其防控的国内外环境经济学理论研究和实践经验与启示。通过详尽的文献查阅分析表明,农业污染已从点源、非点源污染演变到目前的立体交叉型污染,具有区别于其他污染类型的显著特征。欧美国家对农业污染及其防控的理论研究和实践均已取得成效,尤其在综合运用以激励手段为主的多种环境经济政策方面具有重要启示。与西方国家相比较,我国有关农业污染的理论创新性研究缺乏,有效的污染防控政策措施不足和污染防控政策执行不力。(二)农业污染及其综合防控的环境经济学理论探讨。首先分析明确了农业与环境的关系、农业的环境价值以及农业污染的环境损害类型。接着分析了农业污染及其防控具有的典型经济学外部性和公共物品属性,以及农业污染防控中严重的市场机制失效等问题。理论探讨分析表明,解决农业污染及其防控的外部性和公共物品属性问题,需要政府管制行为的积极介入和干预,对包括命令控制型、经济激励型和自愿型在内的环境经济政策措施的混合应用,实施综合防控。(三)我国农业污染现状及区域分异特征和变化趋势。对化肥和农药施用、农膜使用、畜禽水产养殖、农作物秸秆、农田污水灌溉、农村生活废弃物以及乡镇企业等造成的农业污染的具体深入分析表明,在污染物排放绝对量、污染密度指标和残留等方面,我国均位于世界前列,农业污染问题非常严重。通过构建包含25个指标的评价模型和运用SAS软件,对我国1985年以来农业污染的区域分异进行聚类分析表明,农业污染严重程度区域分布及其变化规律总体上为:“东部沿海省份≥中部省份>西部省份”,即上海、江苏、山东、广东等东部沿海发达省份和中部粮食主产区,一直是我国农业污染较严重地区,而且加入到该类严重污染区域的省份逐年增多。聚类分析结果还表明,我国高农业污染区域对应着高农业产值,因此对高污染区域的污染防控将面临更高的机会成本及由此导致的来自农户或地方政府的阻力,污染防控形势也更加复杂和严峻。(四)对我国农业污染及其防控的社会经济因素分析。首先分析了农业污染涉及的利益主体及其行为关系对农业污染防控的影响。分析发现,我国不合理的制度设计、政绩考核体制和对农业农村环境的忽视,导致各级政府之间出现损害社会总效用的博弈行为,尤其是县乡基层政府公共职能弱化,不少地方存在袒护和纵容地方排污大户排污的问题。但环保NGO对环境改善的积极作用越来越明显。接着分析指出城乡“二元”结构及其衍生的一系列不合理制度和体制,是农业污染长期得不到重视和防治的制度根源;尤其是公共基础设施建设投资、公共财政投放、教育等社会公共物品供给的农村边缘化问题严重;农村集体经济实力弱化,公共事业建设能力降低,也是农业污染加重的重要原因。最后构建包含15个指标的Logistic模型对密云水库农户调查数据的分析表明,掌握较多环境知识、饮用水源为井水、认为当前环境质量较差和参与了生态补偿项目的农户,环保支付意愿强烈。而农户户主的年龄、家庭是否有非农收入和子女上学、是否参与“退耕还林项目”等因素则与村民的环保支付意愿是负相关关系,表明这些因素制约了村民的环保意愿和参与污染防控的能力。对密云水库周边农村地区的调查分析还表明,在市场机制失效的条件下,政府干预行为的积极介入,是实现农村环境保护和农业污染防控的有效手段。(五)我国农业污染防控实践中存在的问题与综合防控对策建议。首先对建国以来有关农业污染防控的法律法规和政策进行归纳分析,表明我国基本上还没有形成独立的、系统有效的农业污染防控体系,农业污染防控存在诸多问题,如在全国环境和污染防治布局中被边缘化,在实际监管、有关经济与政策激励机制等方面存在弊病或缺位,农民参与农村环境保护和污染防控的主体作用被忽略。接着提出了着重于打破城乡“二元”结构、构建农业污染综合防控体系的对策建议,尤其要构建切合我国农业污染实际并侧重于政府行为介入的公共环境经济政策体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Agricultural pollution (AP) has been a leading source of many environmental problems such as water pollution in the world. As the most populous country and the fourth largest in area but a nation with very poor per capita natural resources, China has been experiencing a miracle of economic development over the past 20 years; however, in the meanwhile China is suffering the most severe environmental problems which are mostly getting worse. Especially, China’s agricultural pollution is spreading out from point and nonpoint sources to tri-dimension pollution, and has become a critical and unavoidable environmental problem. Furthermore, AP in China has been laid aside by Chinese government and the common while its urban and industrial pollution has been effectively controlled and gotten many close attentions. Exactly based on the above background the paper studied AP in China from the perspective of environmental economics, and the main issues and conclusions of the study are as following:(a) Literature review on AP and practical experiences of AP control on the basis of environmental economics. The existing researches suggest that AP has developed from point and nonpoint sources to tri-dimension pollution and has its own characteristics significantly different from other types of pollution such as urban and industrial pollution. As for AP and its control the developed countries have succeeded in theoretical researches and practical actions. However, there has been a deep gap of theoretical research and practical control of AP in China, especially lacking of theoretical innovation and specific effective controlling countermeasures to AP, compared with those developed countries.(b) To analyze and discuss the environmental economic nature of AP and its control. Firstly, the dissertation analyzed the relationship between agricultural production system and natural and socio-economic environment; and pointed out that agricultural production system is an econ-environmental system with tight connection with natural resources and environment, and has irreplaceable ecological values but also brings sever impairments to environment and the human being. Then the dissertation analyzed AP’s economic externalities and the attribute of public goods, which maybe induce some traditional countermeasures to pollution control not to be suitable for controlling AP. For example, there exists typical problem of malfunction of market mechanism in controlling AP. So the dissertation finally pointed out that the comprehensive environmental economic instruments, which integrate public environmental policies, mechanism of economic incentives and governmental function, may be the effective approach to preventing and controlling AP.(c) To analyze the current status, spatial-temporal characteristics and trend of AP in China. China now has been experiencing in the world the most sever problem of AP assessed by the indices of absolute value of pollutants and density of pollutants, especially by the indices of fertilizer, pesticides and agricultural films, the wastes of livestock, aquatic products and crops straw, and the residuals of waste-water irrigation, and so on. Furthermore, through establishing the index system with 25 indices and using software SAS for analyzing AP in China from 1985 to 2005 this study found that eastern and coastal provinces have been suffering the most serious AP, and so do some provinces in central China; and generally speaking the problem of AP in the central has been relatively less serious than that in the eastern, and the western less than the central. The result of cluster analysis also showed that the regions with more serious problem of AP, the higher value of agricultural output, and then the higher opportunity cost if controlling AP in these regions.(d) Socio-economic factors analysis of AP and its control in China. The dissertation firsly analyzed the stakeholders’behavior and their behavioral relationship in Chinese AP. Then the analyzing results showed that the unreasonable design of many institutions, which resulted from the“dural social structure of the urban and rural China”, is the insititutional cause for China’s serious problem of AP. Especially, such as the current systems of environmental protection, rural public goods supply, rural infrastructure construction, rural education and evaluating mechanism of government officials’performance, have almostly directly induced the peripherization of AP control in the grid of national environmental protection and pollution control. At last the dissertation established the logistic model to analyze the effect of rural households’willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental protection and AP control based on the data of questionnaire survey in the rural area around Miyun Reservoir, the result of logistic modeling analysis showed that the rural households’WTP for environmental protection and AP control is significantly inffluenced by factors such as rural households’environmental knowledge, consciousness of environmental protection, education, income, source of drinking water. The study also found that the government played an active role in protecting environment and controlling AP in the surveyed rural regions.(e) Discussion on environmental and economic policies and tools for comprehensive controlling AP. The study found there has been lacking of systematic and effective mechanism of controlling AP in China for a long period and some obstacles to AP prevent and control, especially there has been the peripherization of AP control and serious neglect of peasant’s performance in AP control. Subsequently, the dissertation discussed and suggested some corresponding environmental and economic policies and countermeasures for comprehensive contolling AP; and also generally summarized this study in the end.更多还原