苏联犹太人反法西斯委员会的悲剧

【作者】 宋永成；

【导师】 杨存堂；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 世界史， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 苏联犹太人反法西斯委员会是1942年4月在苏联战时首都古比雪夫建立的一个半官方的犹太人反战组织,目的是动员全世界的犹太人积极行动起来投入反法西斯主义的斗争。在苏联情报局的领导下,它通过出版犹太人报纸(《团结报》)、组织犹太人反法西斯群众集会、向国外新闻机构寄发宣传材料、派代表团出国访问等方式,不仅在西方盟国为苏联赢得了广泛的同情和支持,而且为苏联红军和民众争取到大量宝贵的物资和金钱援助,对卫国战争的胜利做出了重要的贡献。但是,二战结束后,随着美苏冷战的爆发,犹太人反法西斯委员会在国内不断受到打压。尽管它忠心耿耿,委曲求全,最终还是在1948年11月被苏联当局以进行反苏宣传、向国外情报机构提供反苏情报的罪名勒令解散。不久,其领导人相继被捕入狱,在受尽摧残和折磨之后,于1952年8月被处以极刑,从而酿成了苏联历史上的一大悲剧。本文试图根据俄国最新解密的有关犹太人反法西斯委员会的档案材料,在充分吸收国内外学者研究成果的基础上,对这一问题做一全面深入的专题研究,以期揭示这一历史悲剧的真相。本文共分为六章,加上引言和结语共八部分。引言部分主要介绍了本文选题的原因和意义、国内外研究状况、研究方法和拟解决的主要问题。第一章追溯了沙皇俄国时期犹太人的历史状况和1941年6月苏德战争爆发前苏联政府对犹太人的政策,目的是阐明犹太人反法西斯委员会悲剧发生的历史根源。文章表明,犹太人反法西斯委员是在卫国战争初期苏联严重失利的形势下,在政府动员和苏联民众反法西斯热情高涨的基础上建立的,是犹太人爱国主义精神的反映。委员会的成员包括苏联犹太人当中的著名作家、诗人、科学家、演员等社会名流。从表面上看,它是一个社会团体,实际上,从成立伊始,它的一切活动都处于苏联政府的严格控制之下。第二章和第三章分别论述了犹太人反法西斯委员会的主要活动。因为篇幅较大,所以分成两部分。第二章主要从犹太人反法西斯委员会所召开的三次犹太人反法西斯群众大会、三次委员会全体会议和犹太人反法西斯委员会代表团出访美国、英国、墨西哥和加拿大等方面详细阐述了犹太人反法西斯委员会对于苏联反法西斯战争的重大贡献,这是犹太人反法西斯委员会最辉煌的时期,也是本文的重点内容之一。第三章从救助犹太同胞、复兴犹太文化、建议在克里木成立犹太族共和国、接待国外犹太友人来访以及与国内反犹主义进行斗争等五个方面论述了犹太人反法西斯委员会对于苏联犹太人命运的关注。第四章探讨了美苏冷战对犹太人反法西斯委员会命运的影响。战后,随着国内外形势的发展变化,反犹主义开始成为苏联官方的政策。苏联当局对于犹太人反法西斯委员会宣传工作中的民族色彩以及它对国内犹太人事务的干预越来越难以容忍。委员会的对外交流活动也受到严格限制,整个工作处于半瘫痪状态。建立克里木犹太共和国的方案被废弃,并且在后来成为指控犹太人反法西斯委员会的主要罪证之一。冷战全面爆发后,犹太人反法西斯委员会主席米霍埃尔斯被斯大林以莫须有的罪名秘密杀害。1948年5月,以色列国建立,苏联犹太人的民族主义情绪空前高涨,犹太人反法西斯委员会被推上潮头浪尖。苏联当局大为震惊,最终下令解散了这个在苏联国内唯一具有代表性的犹太人组织。第五章讨论了《黑皮书》的编写和夭折过程。《黑皮书》是战时犹太人反法西斯委员会与国外犹太人组织合作的重要项目之一,目的是通过揭露纳粹屠杀犹太人的暴行来激发国外犹太人的反法西斯热情。但是,战后由于国际和国内形势发生变化,《黑皮书》的内容已经不合苏联当局的胃口,结果在出版前夕被下令查封并销毁。第六章集中探讨了“犹太人反法西斯委员会案”。这一案件是在斯大林的授意下,由苏联国家安全部经过长期准备精心策划的,是冷战进入第一次高潮时期苏联当局反犹政策的集中表现。其目的是消灭犹太人的文化精英和领导核心。犹太人反法西斯委员会领导人被枪毙使这一悲剧达到高潮。在同一时期苏联当局策划的一系列反犹案件中,“犹太人反法西斯委员会案”可以说是一个核心案件,许多案件都与它有着直接和间接的联系。震惊世界的“医生阴谋”就是这一案件的延续和升级。斯大林的目的是流放整个苏联犹太民族,以便在与美国爆发战争之前消灭所谓的“第五纵队”。由于各种原因,“犹太人反法西斯委员会案”的平反经历了一个漫长的过程。直到1988年底,苏共中央才最终为这一冤案的受害者恢复名誉。纵观这一历史悲剧,我们可以发现,这是由斯大林体制、苏联的反犹主义传统和斯大林的病态心理造成的恶果。它不仅导致成千上万的犹太人移民国外,破坏了苏以关系,而且对世界社会主义运动产生了非常不利的影响,为苏联解体埋下了隐患。犹太人反法西斯委员会的悲剧告诉我们,在一个多民族的国家,只有真正尊重每一个民族的权利,依法治国,才能避免类似的悲剧再度发生。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAFC) in the USSR was a semi-official Jewish anti-Fascist organization founded in April 1942 in Kuibyshev, the wartime capital city of the USSR, for the purpose of mobilizing the world’s Jewish into action to positively participate in the struggle against Fascism. Under the leadership of the Soviet Information Bureau and by means of publishing a Jewish newspaper entitled Eynikayt (Unification), organizing Jewish Anti-Fascist rallies, mailing publicity materials to news agencies abroad, and sending delegations to visit other countries, JAFC not only won wide sympathy and moral support for the USSR from its western allies, but also obtained substantial material and financial assistance for the Red Army and the Soviet people as well, thus making indelible contribution to the victory of the Patriotic War in the USSR.However, after the end of the Second World War and with the outbreak of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR, JAFC began to receive constant blows in the USSR. Though it was loyal to the Soviet Union and often had to stoop to compromise, JAFC was eventually ordered by the Soviet authorities to be dissolved in November in 1948 on the charges of conducting anti-Soviet publicity and providing anti-Soviet information for intelligence agencies abroad. Before long, JAFC’s leaders were arrested and imprisoned one after another, and then in August 1952, having suffered all kinds of tortures, they were executed by shooting, thus causing a big tragedy in the history of the USSR. Based on the latest declassified documents about JAFC and drawing on the research findings available in and outside China, this paper attempts to make a thorough study of this issue in the hope of finding out the historic truth of this tragedy.This paper falls into six chapters, in addition to Introduction and Conclusion. The introduction mainly presents the reasons for choosing the topic, the literature review, the methodology adopted in this paper, and the problems to be tackled.Chapter One traces back to the Jewish’s historical conditions in the period of Tsarist Russia and the Soviet government’s policy toward the Jewish until the outbreak of the Soviet-German War in June 1941, in order to find out the historical roots of JAFC’s tragedy. This paper reveals that, as a reflection of the Jewish’s patriotism, JAFC was founded when the Soviet Union suffered serious defeats in the early days of the Patriotic War and the anti-Fascist enthusiasm of the Soviet masses ran high after the Soviet government’s mobilization. JAFC members included the celebrities among the Jewish in the USSR such as famous writers, poets, scientists, and actors. On the surface, JAFC was a non-governmental body, but from its inception, all its activities were under the tight control of the Soviet government.Chapters Two & Three review JAFC’s main activities. Chapter Two focuses on the great contribution JAFC made to the Soviet Union’s anti-Fascist War by means of organizing three Jewish anti-Fascist rallies, holding JAFC’s three plenary sessions, and sending JAFC’s delegations to visit America, Britain, Mexico, and Canada. It was the heyday of JAFC and it is also one of the main contents of this paper. Chapter Three centers around JAFC’s concern for the fate of the Jewish in the forms of assisting Jewish compatriots, reviving the Jewish culture, proposing to set up Crimea Jewish Republic, receiving Jewish visitors from abroad, and fighting anti-Semitism at home.Chapter Four explores the influence of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR on the fate of the JAFC. After the end of WWII, with the changes of the situation at home and abroad, anti-Semitism began to be the USSR’s official policy. The Soviet authorities became more and more intolerant of the nationalist elements in JAFC’s publicity and its intervention in the Jewish affairs at home. JAFC’s international activities were also brought under tight control and its whole work was actually in the state of semi-paralysis. The proposal of foundingCrimea Jewish Republic was abandoned and it later turned out to be one of the major proofs for the charge against JAFC. After the outbreak of the Cold War, S.M.Mikhoels, chairman of JAFC, was secretly murdered by Stalin on a fabricated charge. In May 1948, when the state of Israel was founded, the nationalist sentiment of the Jewish in the USSR surged up to an unprecedented height so that JAFC was pushed on the crest’ of the wave. The Soviet authorities were greatly shocked and they finally ordered to dissolve the only organization representative of the Jewish in the USSR.Chapter Five describes the process of compiling and then aborting The Black Book. As one of the important projects JAFC cooperated with its overseas counterparts, The Black Book was intended to stimulate overseas Jewish anti-Fascist enthusiasm by exposing the atrocities that Nazis were slaughtering the Jewish. Nevertheless, after the end of WWII and with the changes of the situation at home and abroad, the contents of The Black Book failed to suit the taste of the Soviet authorities so that it was banned and destroyed shortly before it was published.Chapter Six focuses on "the case of JAFC". This case was carefully planned by KGB with long-time preparation at Stalin’s suggestion. It was the best expression of the anti-Jewish policy pursued by the Soviet authorities when the Cold War reached its first climax. The purpose was to wipe out the intellectual elite and core leaders of the Jewish in the USSR. This tragedy came to its climax when JAFC’s leaders were shot to death. "The case of JAFC" can be said to be a critical one, among other anti-Jewish cases fabricated by the Soviet authorities in the same period, as it is directly or indirectly related to many other cases. For example, the world-shocked Doctor’s Plot is, in fact, the extension and escalation of this case. Stalin’s intention was to banish the whole Jewish nation in the USSR so as to destroy the so-called "the Fifth Column" before the outbreak of the war with the USA.For various reasons, the redressing of "the case of JAFC" has followed a long course. It was not until 1988 that the Soviet Communist Party eventually decided to rehabilitate the reputation of the victims of this unjust case. Looking back on this historical tragedy, we can find that it resulted from the Stalinist system, the anti-Jewish tradition in the USSR, and Stalin’s abnormal mentality. It not only led tens of thousands of Jewish people to emigrate overseas and thus deteriorated the Soviet-Israeli relations, but also produced extremely unfavorable influence on international socialist movement and buried hidden perils for the collapse of the USSR. The tragedy of JAFC warns us that, in a multi-ethnic country, this kind of tragedy can only be avoided when the rights of each ethnic group are respected and protected by law.更多还原