【作者】 王海霞；

【导师】 李卫东；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 控制理论与控制工程， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 输电损耗分摊作为电力市场运营的基本问题之一,其应用正在不断地深入扩展,包括从最基本的以回收损耗成本为目的的分摊计算,到竞价交易时对发电报价进行网损修正,以及输电损耗补偿辅助服务购买方式等问题的研究。这些问题不仅与市场成员的经济利益密切相关,而且将对系统运行与市场运营产生重要影响,因此必须得到有效解决。然而无论是理论研究还是实际应用中,对于损耗分摊问题均存在不同的意见,该问题已经成为我国三级电力市场体系建设过程中一个亟需解决的难题。本文首先从理论上对广受关注、具有实用前景或已被实用的损耗分摊方法进行了深入研究,包括以下三项内容:基于电路理论的方法由于原理明确在理论研究中受到广泛关注。本文基于正交投影,提出一种新的基于电路理论的支路潮流分解与支路损耗分摊方法,并对节点注入功率的两种等效方式的合理性进行了研究。算例表明,所得的支路潮流分解与支路损耗分摊物理意义直观清晰,结果稳定有效;将发电与负荷分别依次等效为电流源/等值导纳的等效方式更符合实际情况,更为合理,建议在使用基于电路理论的损耗分摊方法时采用该等效方式。潮流追踪法因没有直接反映输电用户在网络中的电气位置,在实际应用中可能产生不被认同的损耗分摊结果。本文在对该问题分析的基础上,提出考虑节点间电气距离的潮流追踪法。以二端网络的输入阻抗度量节点间的电气距离,并以此为依据对电力系统分区,从区外区内两个层面进行潮流追踪计算损耗分摊。算例表明,该方法既保持了潮流追踪法分摊结果不会为负的特点,又能较好地体现节点在网络中的电气位置。对于边际损耗系数法在实际应用中存在的市场成员难以接受其损耗分摊结果为负数的问题,本文提出一种改进方法。通过基于最低汇点对发电节点损耗灵敏度、基于最高源点对负荷节点损耗灵敏度分别进行修正来消除负数,并通过对不同平衡节点下各组损耗灵敏度系数之间关系的推导,简化了计算过程。算例表明,该方法能够有效消除负的损耗分摊结果,也不会产生某节点功率不为零、分摊损耗却为零的情况,同时保持了较好的经济信号。之后对所提出的三种损耗分摊方法从整体效益最优性、个体利益均衡性、稳定性、一致性、计算简便性等多方面进行了比较分析,明确各自的特点与性能,以期为理论研究与实际应用提供一定的参考作用。最后,在损耗分摊方法理论研究的基础上,对发电报价网损修正、输电损耗补偿辅助服务购买方式两个扩展应用进行了研究。对于我国首个试运行的区域电力市场,即东北区域电力市场中的发电报价网损修正问题,从网损修正系数、修正力度、网损优化方向等多方面对两种备选方法,潮流追踪法与潮流摄动法,进行了分析比较,明确了在东北发电侧区域电力市场初期运营框架下,采用潮流追踪法对中长期集中竞价进行发电报价网损修正是适宜的;对于输电损耗补偿辅助服务购买方式,从管理角度对三种购买方式进行了比较研究,明确了各自的执行特点,并结合国外典型电力市场采用的损耗购买方式,对我国电力市场适用的损耗购买方式进行了初步探讨。综上,电力市场下的输电损耗分摊问题,在理论研究上仍存在进一步完善的空间,同时在市场建设过程中还扩展应用到一些新的问题有待解决,本文即从理论方法与扩展应用两个方面进行了深入研究和探索。理论方面,在总结借鉴国内外损耗分摊方法研究成果的基础上,提出了三种损耗分摊方法,并从多方面对三者的特点与性能进行衡量;扩展应用方面,明确了在东北区域电力市场初期采用潮流追踪法对中长期集中竞价进行发电报价网损修正是适宜的,从管理角度明确了各损耗购买方式的执行特点。以上工作可期为我国电力市场的建设与运营提供理论参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of the basic problems under the operation of electricity market, the application of transmission loss allocation has expanded even further, from the initial application in recovering the costs of losses, to loss modification to generation biddings before the auction, and the issue of purchasing transmission loss compensation ancillary service and so on. All these issues not only relate to the economic interests of market participants close, but also have important impact on the system and market operations. So they should be solved effectively. However, the loss allocation problem is not an easy one due to its nonlinearity. There are different opinions existing both in theoretical researches and practical applications. Now this issue has become a difficult problem desiderated to be solved during the construction of electricity market in our country.As the theory is the foundation for practice, this paper firstly researches further on the methodologies for loss allocation, including the following three elements.The circuit-based methods have received great attentions due to their specific foundation on circuit theories. This paper presents a new circuit-based method for branch loss allocation using the concept of orthogonal projection. Also the reasonableness of the two equivalence modes of power injections is discussed. Analysis and numerical results show that, the method is explicit and intuitionistic, and the obtained branch power flow decomposition and branch loss allocation results are stable and valid. Conclusion on which equivalence mode is more reasonable is also given.The power flow tracing method is found in practical application that the method may produce unreasonable loss allocation due to not directly reflecting the electrical distances between buses. Therefore this paper presents a new power flow tracing method considering the electrical distances. It takes the equivalent impedance of the pair of terminals to evaluate the electrical distance between buses, then partitions the network into several sub-networks, finally calculates the loss allocation from two levels, the exterior and interior of sub-networks. Numerical results show that, the method keeps the property of nonnegative loss allocation of power flow tracing method, and reflects the electrical distances among buses better.This paper analyses the cause of negative loss allocation from the view of power flow, and then proposes a modification method to avoid it. The method exploits the concept of load center and generator center to modify loss sensitivities of generator and load buses separately. The calculation is simplified through the derivation of the given relation that loss sensitivities referred to different slack buses satisfy. Numerical examples illustrate that the method could not only avoid allocating negative or zero results to nonzero power injections, which will be more acceptable, but also it keeps the economical signals for operation efficiency.Then the proposed three methods are compared from following aspects: the maximum of social benefit, the equilibrium of individual interests, stableness, consistency, and simplicity. The comparisons would help to make the characteristics and capabilities of the proposed methods clear. This would provide reference to theoretical research and practical applications.Based on the research on methodologies for loss allocation, this paper also works on two expansion applications of loss allocation, loss modification for generation biddings and modes of purchasing transmission loss compensation ancillary service. For the problem of loss modification for generation biddings in the Northeast regional electricity market, the two methods for selected, the power flow tracing method and the power flow perturbation method, are compared in four aspects, namely loss modification factors, modification extent to generation biddings, optimizing direction of network loss and balance between income and expenditure for network loss expense. The work shows that, the power flow tracing method is suitable to loss modification for generation biddings of long-term whole electricity quantity in Northeast regional electricity market. For the modes of purchasing transmission loss compensation ancillary service, this paper discusses the three existing modes from the view of management, to make their characteristics and distinctions represented during implementation clear. Then preliminary discussion on the suitable mode for electricity markets of our country is given with reference to the experiences of typical electricity markets in abroad.To sum up, for the problem of loss allocation, there still is development space in theoretical research, and there might be new issues coming out during the development of electricity market. So this paper probes into the problem of loss allocation further and more deeply from two aspects, methodologies research and expansion application. In theoretical research, three different methods are proposed based on the summaries and reviews of the existing research results, and their characteristics and capabilities are evaluated from many aspects. In expansion application, the paper pinpoints that the power flow tracing method is suitable to loss modification for generation biddings in initial Northeast regional electricity market. It also makes characteristics of the existing purchasing transmission loss modes clear from the view of management. The above work is expected to provide theoretical reference to the construction and operation of electricity market in our country.更多还原