【作者】 刘书宇；

【导师】 马放；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 环境工程， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 景观水体的水质维护主要是控制水体中COD、TN、TP等污染物的含量及藻类等的生长,保持水体清澈的、洁净。由于其发生期短、流动性差、且美学要求高等特点,使其不能直接使用城市污水处理技术来治理和控制。本研究遵循生态学原则,从物质输入和输出两方面同时进行生态调控,分析北方静态景观水体污染过程及富营养化藻类演替规律,以生境调控对污染物转化降解,将生物强化与生态工艺相结合,促进微生物系统对污染物的吸附和转化,强化水体自净能力与生态修复效能。首次将水生微宇宙应用于水体富营养化过程模拟,研究了北方景观水体在无外援污染输入情况下的富营养化过程,考察其污染进程、浮游生物相演替过程及两者相关性;得出:水温和光照对藻类生物量及生物多样性有较显著的影响,二者与叶绿素a浓度间相关系数分别为0.84和0. 75;总氮、总磷与叶绿素a的相关系数分别为0.84、0.54。其中,以氨态氮对藻类生物量影响最为显著,其次是硝态氮。研究发现,在无外源污染输入情况下,水体污染加剧主要来源于底泥向上覆水体的释放;此过程中,藻类优势种演替如下:初期为绿藻门栅藻属,然后迁移至蓝藻门微囊藻属,最终优势种为黄藻门黄丝藻;富营养过程中,藻类并非以已有种类进行数量上的简单扩增,而是逐渐发生迁移,影响因素包括水质状况、底泥特征、气候与地理条件。通过将9种生物多样性指数与TSI（P）变化趋势拟合,发现仅Monk多样性指数与Menhinick’s多样性指数所描述的富营养化过程与水质变化趋势最大相符,适于北方静态景观水富营养化研究。针对水质污染特征,构建高效复合生态滤床进行修复,以沸石与煤渣取代传统填料,提出通过提高出水循环速率对净化过程进行强化。表明:基质、植物、微生物联合作用使复合生态滤床对微污染景观水快速净化。在不同循环速率下对含氮污染物各指标去除效果稳定,NH₄⁺-N去除率都在85%以上;提高循环速率有利于含氮污染物的去除;TP去除不稳定且缓慢,出水最低浓度为0.079 mg/L,系统对有机物的去除过程缓慢。主要研究了温度、植物和停留时间对修复效果的影响,得出:温度是NH₄⁺-N和TP去除的主要影响因素;温度降低所导致基质吸附交换量的减少可通过延长接触时间来补充;植物能够促进系统对TP及有机物的去除,但对于TN去除影响不大。提高循环速率保持系统内高浓度溶解氧,且提高C/N;循环速率的提高使硝化作用更加迅速和彻底,且补充了氮从系统中去除的好氧反硝化途径;使NH₄⁺-N的氧化与NO₂^--N的氧化2个过程间的传递更加迅速,缩短了氮在系统中的转化途径,且循环速率越快,转化越迅速。并从土著微生物中筛选驯化功能菌群进行生态修复过程中的生物强化,以原始土著生物群强化和无生物强化为对比。发现功能菌群中大量氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌的存在,使基质中硝化作用迅速而彻底,减少了中间产物的积累,促进不同形态氮的生物去除,且在系统中内长时间保持较高活性;聚磷菌在多种生物群的协同作用下使系统除磷能力增强。功能菌群强化系统对NH₄⁺-N去除较快,且最后浓度低于0.5mg/L,生物层对离子交换部分的阻碍可由功能菌群的硝化作用补充。氮的延程离子交换去除率及硝化去除率在土著生物强化系统中显著降低,而在功能菌群强化系统中二者均显著提高。在微宇宙模拟基础上,从内源污染释放角度考察了降雨对水质污染进程的影响,并以所构建高效生态滤床对降雨及径流污染进行生态阻断,得出:雨水的融入使系统在短时间内NH₄⁺-N值增加,且进一步影响NH₄⁺-N的硝化;系统有机物浓度的增加促进了溶解氧消耗;雨水给系统带入的阴阳离子在水-底泥界面结合与释放周期延长,上覆水pH在整个过程中波动较大,系统稳定时间延长。在初始浓度相差较大情况下,生态滤床对直接降雨、路面径流、最大径流污染的NH₄⁺-N去除率在80%以上;在浓度很高的情况下,系统仍能对TP去除较好;并对有机物进行高效截流。系统在起始浓度分别为0.1mg/L、1mg/L、10mg/L时,在1h内对Cu、Pb、Zn可去除大部分。曝气增氧及其与湿地系统的联合作用可以在温度较高情况下调节水体pH值,以适应生物生存。景观水的净化及水质维护单靠氧浓度的补给还不能彻底实现,植物与微生物的联合净化使污染物去除的有效途径。通过进行物理方法--底泥疏浚、化学药剂投加及生物修复方法对景观水体水质净化及维护的经济分析比较,生态修复工程通过物理及生物双重反应机理协同作用,在提高景观水体净化效率同时,兼具低投资、低能耗及低维持技术的优点。更多还原

【Abstract】 Maintaining quality of landscaping water is mainly to control the content of COD, TN, and TP and growth of algae, on order to keep the water body limpid and clean. For Because of its characteristics of closed and quiescent conditions, urban wastewater treatment techniques could not be applied in this environment. This study was carried following ecology principle, ecological controlling was carried according to substance inputting and outputting contemporary. Analyzed the contamination process of static landscaping water in the Northern and the algae succession rule, to transit and decompose the contamination, biological intensify and ecological craftwork were integrated together to accelerate the adsorption , oxidation and decomposing of contamination by microbiological system.Tank microcosm has been used to simulate the eutrophication process of static landscaping water body in Northern China. It was concluded that water temperature and illumination had remarkable effect on biomass and biodiversity of algae. The relation coefficient between them and Chlorophyl-a were 0.84 and 0.75 respectively. The coefficient between TN, TP and Chlorophyl-a were 0.84 and 0.54. NH₄⁺-N affected the growth of algae best and then was NO3--N.Eutrophication came from bottom mud when no more extrinsic pollutant matter importing into the water. The phytoplankton changes with the development of various dominant species. The dominant category changed as follows: Cyanophyta was dominant category at the middle stage and disappeared in the last stage, and then changed to Cyanophyta with time. Xanthophyta held the dominance at the last eutrophication stage for its capability of low temperature. Effect factors including that water quality, mud character, climate and geography conditions.Nine biodiversity indices calculated on the basis of phytoplankton data were studied for their usefulness for eutrophication studies in landscaping water body. As follows: Margalef’s、PIE、Menhinick’s、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson’s、McNaughton’s dominance index、Species、OD、Monk , as a tool for eutrophication assessment in Landscaping water body , Monk index and Menhinick’s index were the best suitable for token the contamination development. Effluent was recycled at different period in dynamic parts. Data showed that removal rate of ammonia nitrogen （NH₄⁺-N） were all higher than 85% in each pattern. Improving recycling rate could promote removal of nitrous contamination. The lowest concentration of TP was 0.079mg/L. TP removal was slow and unstable. Environment temperature was the important factor for NH₄⁺-N and TP removing; the plant favored for the removal of TP and organic matter and had little effect on the TN removal. DO was kept high when the recycling period was improved to 1h and 1.5h. C/N was improved then. Removal ratios of NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N and TN were promoted with recycling rate improving. Improving of recycling rate made the nitrification more rapidly and completely, the transition approach of nitrogen was shortened. And more rapid the recycling rate was, more direct was the transition.Screening and domesticating dominant consortium to intensify remedying process, aboriginal colony and naked substrate was contrast. Abundant nitrous and nitride bacterium in dominant colony made nitrification swift and thorough, cut accumulation of middle production and hasten nitrogen removal. Dominant consortium kept high activity in long time, which intensified removal of nitrogenous contamination. Cooperation of multi-colony enhanced P removal capacity of system.Removal efficiency of NH₄⁺-N by naked system was rapid, the last concentration was lower than 0.5mg/L. Cutting down ion exchange by bio-layer could be made up by nitrification by dominate bacterium. Ion exchange rate and nitrification rate increased evidently along hydraulic distance in dominant colony system, but they decreased in the other two systems.The experiments of ecological interdiction showed that, Rain water made NH₄⁺-N concentration raised up in short time and affected nitrification of NH₄⁺-N.Organic contamination consumed DO in water that weaken nitrification conditions. Negative and positive ion was added by rainwater, ion releasing in water-bottom interface prolonged, and pH of cover water fluctuate great in the process, which prolonged system stabilization time. The ecological filter could remove NH₄⁺-N more than 80% from rainfall , road surface flowing contamination.The system could remove TP and organic contamination of high concentration. When the beginning concentration was 0.1mg/L、1mg/L、10mg/L, Cu、Pb、Zn could be removed mostly in 1h.From economy analyses contrasting of physical method-mud dredge up, adding chemical medicament and biological remediation, we concluded that ecological engineer could combine physical, chemical and biological reaction mechanism; it was high efficient, low consumed and low expenses for cleaning and maintaining landscaping water.更多还原