【作者】 佘秋生；

【导师】 王建林；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 动物学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 用X光摄影、CT、大体解剖学及形态测量方法,对成年双峰驼(七峰)的掌骨和指骨进行了研究。结果发现,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ掌骨发育完全,并在胎儿期愈合成大掌骨。大掌骨呈细长的杆状,其长宽指数为11.66%,长厚指数为9.91%。第Ⅲ、Ⅳ指发育完全,每指有三个指节骨和两个近籽骨。在指骨下面,有一个非常发达的指枕,由三个脂肪垫(中心、近轴侧和远轴侧)和一个弹性纤维垫组成。在X光片上,掌指关节的间隙约为0.6-0.8cm,近指节间关节的间隙约为0.4-0.6cm。第Ⅲ指骨的相对密度比第Ⅳ指骨的大,其重量和体积比第Ⅳ指骨小。轴侧近籽骨的相对密度比远轴侧近籽骨小,其体积和重量比远轴侧近籽骨的大。近节指骨和中节指骨的远端部分近似扁圆。第Ⅲ、Ⅳ指的近节指骨体积之间、中节指骨体积之间均有极显著差异(P＜0.01)。第Ⅲ、Ⅳ指近节指骨远端的掌远轴侧关节面的最大高度之间有显著差异(P＜0.05);第Ⅲ、Ⅳ指近节指骨、远节指骨的近端关节面面积之间均有显著差异。对成年雌性牦牛、黄牛、犏牛和水牛(每种三头)掌骨进行研究的结果表明:左、右侧相应的测量参数无显著差异(P＜0.05)。黄牛大掌骨底的平均最大横宽最大(6.90cm),牦牛最小(5.23cm),水牛(6.34cm)和犏牛(5.87cm)介于二者之间。水牛大掌骨头平均最大横宽最宽(7.09cm),牦牛的最小(5.36cm),黄牛(6.63cm)和犏牛(6.24cm)介于二者之间。水牛的长宽指数最大(21.26%),牦牛次之(20.88%),犏牛第三(20.14%),黄牛最小(17.44%)。牦牛的长厚指数最大(14.49%),黄牛的最小(12.56%)。黄牛大掌骨的平均最大长度最大(21.33cm),牦牛的最小(14.08cm)。第Ⅲ掌骨近端关节面面积比第Ⅳ掌骨近端关节面面积大,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ掌骨近端关节面面积由大到小的次序为:黄牛＞牦牛＞犏牛＞水牛。第Ⅲ、Ⅳ掌骨远端关节面面积的大小情况与近端的模式相同。犏牛大掌骨的平均相对密度最大(1.82),牦牛的最小(1.44),黄牛(1.70)和水牛(1.49)介于二者之间。牦牛第Ⅱ掌骨的平均长度为1.50cm;犏牛第Ⅱ掌骨大部分与大掌骨融合;黄牛绝大多数已完全与大掌骨融合,只有个别仅存微小的第Ⅱ掌骨;水牛则完全消失。对成年雌性牦牛、黄牛、犏牛和水牛(每种三头)的指骨和籽骨相对密度进行研究,结果表明:左、右侧之间,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ指之间,第Ⅱ、Ⅴ指之间,相应的测量参数均无显著差异(P＜0.05)。牦牛的各节指骨和籽骨的相对密度均最小:近节指骨(1.20),中节指骨(1.20),远节指骨(1.27),轴侧近籽骨(1.22),远轴侧近籽骨(1.31),远籽骨(1.02);犏牛近节指骨的相对密度最大(1.34),水牛的中节指骨的相对密度最大(1.41),黄牛的远节指骨的相对密度最大(1.51),犏牛的轴侧近籽骨的密度最大(1.34),黄牛的远轴侧近籽骨和远籽骨密度最大(1.43、1.24)。犏牛的第Ⅱ、Ⅴ指指骨密度最大(1.92、1.32),黄牛的最小(1.03、0.95)。在每一种内,对牦牛、黄牛、犏牛来说,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ指骨的密度由高到低的顺序为:远节指骨＞中节指骨＞近节指骨;但对水牛来说,这个次序却是:中节指骨＞近节指骨、远节指骨。在这四种牛中,籽骨的相对密度由高到低的次序是:远轴侧近籽骨＞轴侧近籽骨＞远籽骨;第Ⅱ、Ⅴ指的近节指骨密度比远节指骨大。上述结果说明:这五种动物的掌骨、指骨和籽骨的独特结构能够与前肢脚部的其它结构很好地配置,支持巨大的身体,并能很好的与其生活环境相适应。更多还原

【Abstract】 Fourteen specimens of the metacarpus and digits of the forelimb of the adult Bactrian camel were examined by means of radiograph, computerized tomography(CT),gross anatomy and morphometry. The large metacarpal are fused by the metacarpalⅢandⅣ.Its index of width/length and thickness/length shape index was 11.66% and 9.9%,respectively,which was approximately slender and long shaft.Two digits,the third and fourth,were fully developed.Each digit had three phalanges and two proximal sesamoid bones.Under the phalanges of the forefoot,it was a well-developped digital pad which had three fat cushions(central,axial and abaxial)and an elastic fibrous cushion each digit.The gaps of metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in radiograph were approximately 0.6-0.8cm and 0.4-0.6cm wide respectively.The area of proximal articular facet in digital joints was much larger than that of the corresponding distal end.The relative density of phalanges in digitⅢwas slightly larger than in digitⅣ,but the weight and volume of phalanges in digitⅢwas slightly smaller than in digitⅣrespectively.The relative density of axial proximal sesamoid was slightly smaller than that of the abaxial.The weight and volume of axial proximal sesamoid were larger than of the abaxial respectively. The distal half of proximal phalanx and middle phalanx were obviously oblate.The difference was found to be highly significant (P＜0.01)in respect of volume of the proximal and middle phalanx. Difference found to be significant(P＜0.05)in respect of height of the abaxial distal articular facet palmarly in proximal phalanx,area of proximal articular facet in the middle and distal phalanx.The bones of 24 metacarpus were collected from apparently healthy,middle size,female and adult yak,cattle,Yak-Cattle(Y-C) hybrid and buffalo(3 for each species,3 right and 3 left).The mean maximal traverse width of the base of the metacarpal(Mc.)Ⅲ+Ⅳ(large metacarpal bone)was the most in cattle(6.90cm),the smallest in yak(5.23cm),and intermediate type in buffalo(6.34cm) and Y-C hybrid(5.87cm).The mean maximal traverse width of the head of the Mc.Ⅲ+Ⅳwas the most extensive in buffalo(7.09cm), the narrowest in yak(5.36cm),and intermediate type in cattle(6.63cm) and Y-C hybrid(6.24cm).The index of width/length of the Mc.Ⅲ+Ⅳwas the largest in buffalo(21.26%),the second in yak(20.88%), the third in Y-C hybrid(20.14%),and the smallest in cattle(17.44%). The index of thickness/length was the largest in yak(14.49%),the smallest in cattle(12.56%).The mean maximal length of the Mc.Ⅲ+Ⅳwas the largest in cattle(21.33cm),the smallest in yak(14.08cm). The mean area of proximal articular facet of the Mc.Ⅲwas larger than that of the Mc.Ⅳ.The mean area of proximal articular facet of the Mc.Ⅲ,Ⅳwas the most in cattle,the second in yak,the third in Y-C hybrid,and the smallest in buffalo.The mean area of articular facet of the distal Mc.Ⅲ,Ⅳwas the same pattern.The mean relative density of the Mc.Ⅲ+Ⅳwas the most in Y-C hybrid(1.82), intermediate type in cattle(1.70)and buffalo(1.49),and the smallest in yak(1.44).The mean length of the Mc.Ⅱin yak was 1.50cm.In Y-C hybrid,the Mc.Ⅱfused partly with the Mc.Ⅲ+Ⅳ,which had also clear vestige.In cattle,the Mc.Ⅱfused almost with the Mc.Ⅲ+Ⅳwhich sometimes had clear vestige.In buffalo,the Mc.Ⅱhad disappeared.The bones of 96 digits were collected from apparently healthy, middle size,female and adult yak,cattle,Y-C hybrid and buffalo(3 for each species,3 right and 3 left).Preliminary analysis showed that differences were not significant(P＜0.05)on the means of all measurements from the left and right sides,the digitⅢ&Ⅳ,the digitⅡ&Ⅴ.The phalanges and sesamoids of digitⅢ&Ⅳin the yak was the least in density:proximal phalanx(1.20),middle phalanx (1.20),distal phalanx(1.27),axial proximal sesamoid(1.22),abaxial proximal sesamoid(1.31),distal sesamoid(1.02).The largest mean densities were of the proximal phalanx in the Y-C hybrid(1.34), middle phalanx in the buffalo(1.41)and distal phalanx in the cattle (1.41).The axial proximal sesamoid was the densest in the Y-C hybrid(1.34).The abaxial proximal and distal sesamoids were the densest in the cattle(1.43,1.24).The phalanges of digitⅡ&Ⅴin the mean density were the least in the cattle(1.03、0.95)and the densest in the Y-C hybrid(1.92、1.32).For phalanges of digitⅢ&Ⅳin the yak,cattle and Y-C hybrid,the order of the decling trend of density was as follows:the distal phalanx＞middle phalanx＞proximal phalanx;but in the buffalo,the middle phalanx＞proximal phalanx or distal phalanx.The order for sesamoid was as following: the abaxial phalanx＞axial proximal sesamoid＞distal sesamoid.The proximal phalanx of digitⅡ&Ⅴin the mean density was larger than the middle phalanx.The results indicated that the unique structures of the metacarpus and phalanges and sesamoids of forelimb for these five species could cooperated well with other parts of manus.All of these could morphologically support the heavy body and well adapted to the corresponding environments.更多还原