【作者】 杨琳；

【导师】 雷达；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2008， 博士

【副题名】延安文学传播研究（1935-1948）

【摘要】 延安文学作为延安时期中国革命和历史叙述的重要参与者,兼具中国革命历史和文学史的双重意义。文学蕴含和承载着延安时期最生动、最鲜活、最丰富的历史记忆,延安文学的研究,不仅关系于自身,而且关系到整个中国现当代文学史乃至整个中国现当代文化史的建构和重新评价。本文认为,延安文学构成了中外历史上罕见的经由报刊与大众文艺活动共同传播的独特的文学传播现象,这一时期文学创作与新闻传播的核心主题高度一致,在特殊的战争氛围中实现了其传播目的——最直接的目标、最直接的受众、最显著的效果。延安文学在现代中国历史进程中的共时性和历时性传播效应,以及民族化、大众化的传播实践,更使其具有多方位考察和估量的社会史学价值。因此,本文从探究历史本真的层面出发,力求通过对延安文学传播的研究从而回到历史的语境中,还原生动的历史轨迹,探求文学的生产机制、意义建构和传播形态,对延安文学做全方位、纵深化地动态观照。文学传播存在于社会各因素所构建的媒介生态环境中。本文在分析研究延安文学传播的政治文化生态与媒介生态的基础上认为:作为战时政治文化中心,延安首先是作为当时知识分子心中的理想国和想象中的乌托邦而定格的,“五四”文学、苏区文学、左翼文学传统的汇流与重构为延安文学提供了丰厚的精神资源和新文学的传统。在革命战争文化生态下与艺术深度共生的,是知识分子因社会和政治危机日深而出现的强烈的忧患意识,当民族的、阶级的、政党的和文学的使命感在一个特定的历史结点上交汇时,文学必然的与革命、政治交融,这也决定了延安文学传播成为抗战宣传的武器的重要特性。延安时期特殊的革命战争的政治化语境构成的传播生态,在很大程度上决定了文学的生存和生产状态,也决定了延安文学传播诸要素及模式,即:文化的不平衡和接受的多元状态下的多层次受众群体;传播者的多重身份定位和角色转换融合,以及传播主体与接受主体融合互动的集体创作模式。传播媒体在历史事件发生的当时记录着其产生、演变的原始历史过程,也是文学、文化流变的原初载体。媒体是回到历史现场,考察当时文学演变历程、传播与接受历程的“活化石”。本文在研究传媒与文学的关系的基础上,分别从传播制度、文人社团与报刊、报刊的传授互动过程以及传播效果等方面着重对延安时期的期刊与报纸两大传播媒体进行原始资料梳理与研究。认为:媒介的呈示性、表现性及建构性、同质化功能与文学功能合流,媒介传播与文学传播协同,建构着延安文学关于民族国家的想象空间。报刊在将文学置入一种新的传播语境的同时,也在规范着文学的内部秩序,在探索出一条有效的文学传播途径的同时,形成了延安文学与国统区、沦陷区形貌迥异的文学版图。媒介形态的融合和拓展构成了延安文学传播史上一个不可忽视的重要特征。传播媒介的概念已不只局限于报纸、广播、杂志等传媒形态,从人类传播诞生始所有的可资运用的媒介在特殊的乃至极端的战争条件下都成为延安文学传播的媒介。而由此形成的朗诵诗、街头诗、秧歌剧运动也构成现代文学史上的重要篇章。本文认为:延安文学传播媒介形态的融合与拓展无疑是重构民间性与大众化文学传播的重要实践。朗诵诗运动与街头诗运动使诗歌在传播中回归与升华。新秧歌剧运动使戏剧从原始歌舞形态成为现实生活的承载体,广场演出的大众狂欢传播效应实现了传播形态从剧场走向广场的大众化重构。延安时期凝聚和浓缩了中国共产党人以延安为战略中心和文化中心抗战建国的全部理论和实践,具有政治、经济、文化等多重历史内涵。延安文学的传播因其本身的特质通过议程设置等方式而被收编和规范到革命宣传的体系之中,文学的意识形态传播功能获得最大限度的张扬,成为首要的宣传利器。延安文学空前成功的传播效果无疑也使其成为文学传播研究的标本性对象。延安文学传播的标本性研究意义还在于,通过集中对一个时期特定传播生态下的文学传播现象的审视,更有益于我们超越特定的区域和时期获得关于一个时代的启示与反思,也更有益于我们反观近年来的文学传播研究热中的误区,获得方法论的启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important participator in Chinese revolution during the Yan’an period and its historical narration, Yan’an literature is of double significance to both revolutionary and literary history. As the literature contains the liveliest and richest historical memories of the Yan’an period, a study of it not only concerns itself, but concerns the construction and reevaluation of the history of Chinese modern and contemporary literature and culture at large. The dissertation holds Yan’an literature to be a unique and rare phenomenon of communication via the concerted movements of the press and the theatrical performances of the general public. Literary creation at this period conformed precisely to news dissemination in its communicative end—the most straightforward goal, the most direct reading public and the most remarkable results in that special wartime atmosphere. The synchronic and diachronic diffusing effect of Yan’an literature during modern Chinese historical process, along with the diffusing practice that involved the ordinary masses of the whole nation, has rendered Yan’an literature sociologically valuable for a multi-dimensional study and evaluation. Hence, the dissertation intends to explore the historical truth, aiming for a return to the historical context through the study of the spreading of Yan’an literature. It seeks to restore the vivid course of history and to explore the literature’s production mechanism, meaning construction and dissemination pattern, so as to give Yan’an literature an all-round, in-depth and dynamic scrutiny.Literary dissemination exists in the media and ecological environment constituted of all the factors of society. In analyzing the ecology of politics, culture and media, the dissertation holds that Yan’an, as the wartime political and cultural center, had a fixed image of ideal state or Utopia in the minds of the intellectuals, and that the convergence and restructuring of May 4^th literature, Chinese Soviet Area literature and left-wing literature had provided Yan’an literature with abundant spiritual resources and the new literary tradition. Emerging together with this artistic depth in the ecology of revolutionary wars was the intellectuals’ strong sense of anxiety due to the intensifying social and political crises. As the sense of mission for the nation, the class and the party joined the sense of mission for literature at a particular historical point, literature inevitably mingled with revolution and politics, making the dissemination of Yan’an literature a weapon to propagandize the War of Resistance Against Japan. The ecology for dissemination, made of the special political context of revolutionary wars in the Yan’an period, had determined to a large extent the existence and creation of Yan’an literature, as well as the essential factors and pattern of its diffusion: cultural imbalance and multi-levelled reading public with diverse receiving capacities, multiple identities and role transformations of disseminators, collective creative mode involving the blending and interaction between disseminators and receivers.The media, which record the original process of a historical event’s emergence and evolution while it is actually happening, are the primary carrier of literary and cultural transformations. The media act as "live fossil", enabling us to return to the historical scene so as to investigate the evolution, the spreading and the reception of literature. Based upon the study of the media-literature relationship, the dissertation combs through the source materials of periodicals and newspapers during the Yan’an period, and analyzes these two means of communication in terms of communication system, scholarly communities and newspapers and periodicals, process and effect of the press’s communication. In the coordinated movements of the media’s and literature’s dissemination, the media’s homogeneous function to represent and to show merged with the function of literature to construct Yan’an literature’s wide space of imagination in portraying the nation and the people. The press placed literature into a new communication context, while simultaneously regulating the internal order of literature. The exploration of this effective means of literary dissemination had rendered Yan’an literature diametrically different from the literature in Kuomintang-controlled area and enemy-occupied area.The mingling and expansion of medium forms constituted a distinctive feature not to be ignored in the history of Yan’an literature’s dissemination. The concept of medium was no longer restricted to newspapers, periodicals, magazines and other forms of communication; rather, all medium forms available to humanity ever since the birth of human communication had been utilized to diffuse Yan’an literature in the extreme wartime conditions. The poems for recitation, street poetry and yangge operas which thus took shape constituted an important chapter in modern literary history. The dissertation perceives the mingling and expansion of medium forms in spreading Yan’an literature as a significant practice that reconstructed the literary dissemination of the ordinary masses. Poetry recitation and street poetry movement had brought about the return and sublimity of poetry in the process of its diffusion. Yangge opera movement turned theatre from the crude dancing and singing into the carrier of real life, and festive performances of ordinary people in the squares made possible the restructuring of the diffusing mode from theatres to squares.Yan’an period embodies all the theories and practices of Chinese Communist Party to rely on Yan’an as the strategic and cultural center to fight the War of Resistance and to build the nation; therefore, the period has multiple historical connotations politically, economically and culturally. The dissemination of Yan’an literature, on account of its very nature, was standardized and incorporated into the system of revolutionary propaganda through agenda-setting and other means. The function of literature to diffuse social ideology was given fullest play and literature thus became an efficient instrument for propaganda. Undoubtedly, the unprecedented success of the spreading of Yan’an literature has made it a specimen for study in literature dissemination. The research value of this sample-analysis also lies in the fact that the close scrutiny of the phenomena of literature dissemination in a particular ecology will be beneficial not only to our transcending the specific area and period to gain inspirational reflections of a time, but also to our observing from the opposite angle some mistaken ideas in the craze for studying literature dissemination so as to derive enlightenment in methodology.更多还原