【作者】 刘春燕；

【导师】 徐宏发；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 生态学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 林麝（Moschus berezovskii）是我国一级保护野生动物,人工养殖是麝类资源保护的主要对策之一。麝的发病率高、死亡率高是人工养麝发展缓慢的根本原因。本文拟通过死亡病例分析、种群采血体检和全血与被毛矿物元素分析,探讨林麝上海养殖种群死亡原因、建立健康林麝血液生理生化指标常值范围、分析血液生理生化指标的诊断意义、探讨矿物元素与林麝上海养殖种群死亡率的关系,并进而探讨林麝上海养殖种群高死亡率的原因。方法:以上海某养麝场25头林麝（Moschus berezovskii）为一个研究种群,其2005年全年的死亡个体为死亡病例研究对象,通过病史记录与调查、尸体剖检、病理组织切片镜检和病原微生物检查,分析死亡病例的死亡原因。对该研究种群实施采血体检,测定54项血液生理生化指标,体检以后3个月仍健在的作为健康组,体检以后3个月内死亡的作为病例组,健康组血液生理生化指标测定值作为生理常值,分析雌雄差异,并建立常值范围,病例组分析每个病例血液生理生化指标的变化特征,结合死亡原因,探讨血液生理生化指标的诊断意义。以被毛和全血为实验材料,测定12项矿物元素指标,对林麝上海养殖种群全血和被毛健康组和病例组、上海养殖种群健康组与陕西养殖种群被毛矿物元素用非成对样本t检验做差异性分析;对林麝上海养殖种群健康组被毛与全血矿物元素做相关性分析。结果如下:1、本研究种群12个死亡病例死亡原因如下:少酸链球菌性化脓性疾病死亡2例,黄杆菌感染死亡5例,应激死亡3例,应激继发感染未知细菌后再次应激死亡1例,幼麝感染未知细菌化脓死亡1例。黄杆菌感染死亡的5例中,有三例患有贫血,同时表现肺气肿1例,表现肺气肿与急性脾炎并同时怀疑有尿石症1例,表现浆液性肺炎1例,表现心肌营养不良1例,表现急性脾炎1例。应激死亡的3例中有1例患有贫血,1例表现肺气肿。2、54项血液生理生化指标常值范围:RBC 8.29～13.13(10¹²个·L^-1);HGB109.20～162.00(g·L^-1);HCT 33.22～55.52（%）;MCV 38.97～44.19（f1）;MCH 10.9～14.54（pg）;MCHC 255.55～350.85(g·L^-1);RDW 19.81～23.29（%）:WBC 0.98～6.46（10⁹个·L（-1））;LY%12.65～44.75（%）:MO%0.71～12.87（%）;NE%35.67～63.55（%）;LY#0.14～2.14(10⁹个·L^-1):MO#0～1.27(10⁹个·L^-1);NE#0.23～2.97(10⁹个·L^-1);TP 63.23～99.17(g·L^-1):ALB29.64～45.76(g·L^-1);A/G 0.49～1.31;ALB 46.89～63.95（%）;α1GLB 2.39～4.79（%）;α2GLB 3.1～7.38（%）;βGLB 10.12～22.86（%）;γGLB 11.87～26.57（%）;ALT 12.6～32.6(U·L^-1);AST 158.64～325.56(U·L^-1);ALP 41.06～184.14(U·L^-1);LDH 632.69～1319.71(U·L^-1);CK 117.04～397.36(U·L^-1);CK-MB 163.49～419.71(U·L^-1);T-BIL 3.44～14.96(μmol·L^-1);D-BIL 0.31～4.89(μmol·L^-1);TBA 0.00～8.96(μmol·L^-1);PA 1.13～8.47（mg·L（-1））;TC 1.01～2.73(mmol·L^-1);TG 0.07～0.35(mmol·L^-1);HDL-C 0.82～1.80(mmol·L^-1);LDL-C0.12～0.48(mmol·L^-1);UREA 5.75～9.67(mmol·L^-1);CREA 44.98～115.82(μmol·L^-1);K⁺4.38～6.02(mmol·L^-1);Na⁺ 139.61～156.19(mmol·L^-1);CI^- 95.76～111.24(mmol·L^-1);Ca1.52～2.18(mmol·L^-1);P 1.84～3.32(mmol·L^-1);MG 0.76～1.38(mmol·L^-1);TIBC 41.00～107.80(μmol·L^-1);IRON 19.6～50.88(μmol·L^-1);GLU 5.36～9.2(mmol·L^-1);FT₃ 3.92～6.58(pmol·L^-1);FrT₄ 6.54～14.38(pmol·L^-1);PTH 8.67～59.87(pg·mL^-1);CT 0.00～12.21(pg·mL^-1);VD₃ 26.43～46.97(ng·mL^-1);COR 0.00～0.77（ug·dL）。54项血液生理生化指标（包括部分激素和VD₃）中有Na⁺、CI、FT₃和VD₃等4项指标雌雄间存在显著性差异,其中Na⁺雄性极显著高于雌性,CI^-和FT₃雄性显著高于雌性,VD₃雄性显著低于雌性;其余50项指标雌雄间均差异不显著。本研究血液生理生化指标的测定结果的变异系数相对较小,稳定性较好。计算指标Ca/P为0.72,明显低于一般动物常值范围。3、本研究血液生理生化指标的疾病诊断意义有二,一是诊断出本研究种群死亡病例患有贫血病,死亡病例贫血病患病率约66.7%,且贫血可能是缺铁造成的,这一患病情况对麝来讲尚属首次报道;二是可以较早地诊断出肝细胞损伤,本研究死亡病例肝细胞损伤可能由黄杆菌感染引起,结合病原微生物检查,测定血液生理生化指标有助于黄杆菌感染的早期诊断。4、林麝上海养殖种群全血Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、S、Fe、Si、AI、Pb等10项、被毛Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、S、Fe、Zn、Si、AI、Pb、B等12项矿物元素,健康组与病例组间全部无显著性差异。被毛Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、Zn、Si、AI、Pb、B等10元素上海养殖种群均极显著低于陕西养殖种群,被毛S元素上海养殖种群显著低于陕西养殖种群,被毛P、Fe、AI、Pb等4元素上海养殖种群与陕西养殖种群间差异不显著。通过全血和被毛矿物元素分析难以说明林麝上海养殖种群死亡率与矿物元素之间的关系。5、本研究种群死亡率高的原因有四:①细菌感染率高,12个死亡病例有9例细菌感染,感染率达75%。②应激是该种群死亡率高的重要原因,既是直接引起死亡的死亡原因,也是引起细菌感染的重要诱因。应激直接引起死亡3例,应激死亡率为25%,9例细菌感染至少有7例与应激诱发有关,应激诱发细菌感染率77.8%。③贫血也是该种群死亡率高的原因之一,6例体检病例有4例患有贫血,贫血患病率66.7%。④饲料缺铁、Ga/P不合适、缺钙可能是引起该种群死亡率高的营养学原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 Forest musk deer（Moschus berezovskii）is first-grade national key protective wildlife.Captive breeding is one of the prominent treasures to protect musk deer resources.High incidence and high mortality have been the bottleneck restriction of the development of musk deer breeding industry.The aim of this research is:to probe into the lethal causes of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer;to establish the normal value range of blood physiological biochemical indexes;to investigate the diagnosis meaning of blood physiological biochemical indexes;to analyze the relationship between mortality of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer and mineral elements in whole blood and clothing fur;and to seek the answer to the high mortality of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer, by analysis of death cases,blood collection and physical examination,and measurement of mineral elements in whole blood and clothing fur.Methods The object animal of study is a population of 25 forest musk deer （Moschus berezovskii）from a farm for captive breeding forest musk deer in Shanghai,of which the dead individuals within one annual forms the Death Cases. The causes of death for death cases were analyzed by medical history record and investigation,postmortem examination,histopathology microscopic examination. The object population was classified into health group and case group according to the 54 items of blood physiological biochemical indexes obtained through blood collection and physical examination:the survivors after three months were "health group" and those who failed to survive over three months were "case group".The measured value of blood physiological biochemical indexes for health group were taken as physiological normal value and the normal value range was established sexually.Based on the analysis of the change characteristics of blood physiological biochemical indexes for each case,combined with the cause of death.,the diagnosis meaning of blood physiological biochemical indexes was investigated.12 indexes of mineral elements in whole blood and clothing fur were also measured. Comparison between blood physiological biochemical indexes or indexes of mineral elements in health group and case group of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer,and that of clothing fur between health group of Shanghai breeding population and Shanxi breeding population of forest musk deer were made applying non-paired t test.Correlation analysis between indexes of mineral elements in whole blood and that in clothing fur for health group of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer were also made.1、The causes of death of the 12 Moschus berezovskii can be attributed to five respects:2 individuals died of streptococcus acidominimus suppurative disease;5 of infection of flavobacterium（the symptoms are as follows:1 of emphysema;1 of emphysema,acute splenitis and suspect urolithiasis;1 of serous pneumonia; 1 of cardiac muscle dystrophia;and 1 of acute splenitis,respectively）;3 of stress （the symptoms are as follows:1 of anaemia;1 of emphysema;and 1 of untypical stress,respectively）;1 of secondary infection of unknown bacteria;and 1 of secondary infection of unknown bacteria combined with suppuration).2、The normal value ranges of 54 blood physiological biochemical indexes are as follows:RBC 8.29～13.13(10¹²个·L^-1);HGB 109.20～162.00(g·L^-1);HCT 33.22～55.52（%）;MCV 38.97～44.19（fl）;MCH 10.9～14.54（pg）;MCHC 255.55～350.85(g·L^-1);RDW 19.81～23.29（%）;WBC 0.98～6.46(10⁹个·L^-1);LY% 12.65～44.75（%）;MO%0.71～12.87（%）:NE%35.67～63.55（%）:LY# 0.14～2.14(10⁹个·L^-1);MO# 0～1.27(10⁹个·L^-1);NE# 0.23～2.97(10⁹个·L^-1);TP 63.23～99.17(g·L^-1);ALB 29.64～45.76(g·L^-1);A/G 0.49～1.31;ALB 46.89～63.95（%）;α1GLB 2.39～4.79（%）;α2 GLB 3.1～7.38（%）;βGLB 10.12～22.86（%）;γGLB 11.87～26.57（%）;ALT 12.6～32.6(U·L^-1);AST 158.64～325.56(U·L^-1);ALP 41.06～184.14(U·L^-1);LDH 632.69～1319.71(U·L^-1);CK 117.04～397.36(U·L^-1); CK-MB 163.49～419.71(U·L^-1);T-BIL 3.44～14.96(μmol·L^-1);D-BIL 0.31～4.89 (μmol·L^-1);TBA 0.00～8.96(μmol·L^-1);PA 1.13～8.47(mg·L^-1);TC 1.01～2.73 (mmol·L^-1);TG 0.07～0.35(mmol·L^-1);HDL-C 0.82～1.80(mmol·L^-1);LDL-C 0.12～0.48(mmol·L^-1);UREA 5.75～9.67(mmol·L^-1);CREA 44.98～115.82 (μmol·L^-1);K⁺ 4.38～6.02(mmol·L^-1);Na⁺ 139.61～156.19(mmol·L^-1);CI^-95.76～111.24(mmol·L^-1);Ca 1.52～2.18(mmol·L^-1);P 1.84～3.32(mmol·L^-1);MG 0.76～1.38(mmol·L^-1);TIBC 41.00～107.80(μmol·L^-1);IRON 19.6～50.88(μmol·L^-1);GLU 5.36～9.2(mmol·L^-1);FT₃ 3.92～6.58(pmol·L^-1);FrT₄ 6.54～14.38(pmol·L^-1);PTH 8.67～59.87(pg·mL^-1);CT 0.00～12.21(pg·mL^-1); VD₃26.43～46.97(ng·mL^-1)and COR 0.00～0.77（ug·dL）.Significant difference could be found for 4 of 54 blood physiological biochemical indexes（including some hormone）,i.e.Na⁺,CI^-,FT3 and VD₃, between male individuals and female ones.Among these 4 indexes,Na⁺ for male is extremely significantly higher than that for female;CI^-、Ca/P和FT3 for male is significantly higher than that for female;and VD3 for male is significantly lower than that for female.For other 50 indexes,there wasn’t significant difference between male individuals and female ones.In this study,the coefficient of variation （CV）of the blood physiological biochemical indexes was comparatively low（for Ca/P the CV was apparently lower than normal,merely 0.72）,suggesting better stability.3、Diagnosis meaning of blood physiological biochemical indexes lies in two aspects.First,there seems to be some relationship between the death of Moschus berezovskii and anemia sickness which is probably caused by iron deficiency with a sickness rate of 66.7%.This was reported for the first time.Second,hepatocellular injury may be diagnosed ahead of time.Hepatocellular injury may result from flavobacterium,implicating that there exits comparatively high possibility to pre-estimate flavobacterium infection through blood physiological biochemical indexes measurement,aided by pathogenic microorganism examination.4、For the content of Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、S、Fe、Si、AI、Pb in whole blood,and that of Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、S、Fe、Zn、Si、AI、Pb、B in clothing fur,the difference between health group and case group of Shanghai forest musk deer is not significant.The content of Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、Zn、Si、 AI、Pb、B in clothing fur of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer is statistically lower than that of Shanxi breeding population of forest musk deer （extremely significant）.The content of S in whole blood of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer is significantly lower than that of Shanxi breeding population of forest musk deer.For the content of P、Fe、AI、Pb,the difference between forest musk deer from these two places is not significant.No evidence can verify that there exists correlativity between mortality rate of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer and mineral elements contents in whole blood and clothing fur of Moschus berezovskii.5、The high mortality of forest musk deer results mainly from these four causes: 1)Infection by bacteria.The incidence of infection by bacteria was comparatively high,i.e.9 of 12 were infected by bacteria,producing a infectivity of 75%;2)Stress. Stress can directly lead to death sometimes,and it is also one of the important incentives to infection by bacteria.According to our results,3 cases（with a mortality of 25%）were directly led to by stress,and.7 of 9 cases（77.8%）infected by bacteria were relevant to the inducement of stress.3)Anemia.4 of 6 cases were suffered from anemia,with the incidence rate being 66.7%.4)Imbalance of forage nutrition, e.g.iron deficiency and inappropriate proportion of Ga/P.Iron deficiency probably constitutes the nutritional cause of the high mortality of forest musk deer.更多还原