【作者】 李和平；

【导师】 史海滨；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古农业大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 我国西部荒漠草原区水资源紧缺,普遍的超载过牧天然草地资源已被超极限利用,导致生态环境恶化,造成大规模的沙尘暴天气。解决这些问题的根本途径是:在树立解决草原生态退化问题主要依靠大自然自我修复能力的理念基础上,合理开发利用水资源,以水定草、以草定畜,确定灌溉人工草地适宜发展规模并控制载畜量,解决牲畜超载和冬春饲草不足的矛盾,实现区域性水草畜系统平衡,使草原区的生态环境向良性化方向发展。本文论述了草原生态系统中水草畜平衡管理的理论基础和国内外研究进展,以可持续发展理论为指导,应用生态系统管理的理论方法,采用“点”和“区域”结合的研究技术路线及系统分析优化技术,以构建草原生态建设中水草畜平衡理论及系统耦合机制与生态畜牧业发展模式为研究目标。研究内容和创新点:1.在对生态地下水位与地下水可持续开采量的概念及研究进展综合分析的基础上,结合区域性研究成果,提出了水管理阈值的概念和指标体系框架;针对荒漠化草地建立了地下水位埋深与天然植被生长关系模型,应用SWAP模型模拟了GSPAC系统地下位埋深及天然植被生长状况,获得了天然植被生态需水量。2.根据荒漠化草原区生产实践和建设发展水平提出了人工种植冷季补饲型和暖季放牧冷季舍饲型两种适宜的生态畜牧业建设模式;分别应用多目标遗传算法和目标规划法(Goal Programming),研究分析了以水利建设为基础的荒漠化草原生态系统中典型区域—毛乌素沙地鄂托克前旗牧区水草畜平衡管理的阈值和技术经济指标。3.提出了牧区水利建设的任务和目标—实现区域性水草畜系统平衡;应用层次分析法原理(AHP),建立了牧区水利建设多目标权重评价模型,确定了子目标的权重;分析了西北牧区灌溉人工草地适宜发展规模和水草畜平衡管理阈值。研究结果表明:荒漠化草原人工种植冷季补饲型和暖季放牧冷季舍饲型生态畜牧业模式的灌溉人工草地面积分别应占可利用草地面积的1.58%和3.0%;从水资源可持续利用方面分析,灌溉人工草地建设发展规模应有限度,水资源条件起决定作用;牧区水利学科是涉及水资源、草地资源、牲畜、灌溉、种植业、林业及生态环境等多学科交叉的研究领域,针对具体区域应研究确定水草畜平衡管理阈值指标体系;牧区水利建设的任务是以保护生态环境为前提,以水资源和草地资源可持续利用为准则,确定科学合理的灌溉人工草地发展规模和可持续载畜量,进行水利工程的合理配置,解决灌溉人工草地和人畜供水等问题,其目标是实现区域性水草畜系统平衡。更多还原

【Abstract】 The desertification grassland in western China is short of water resources. With prevalent heavy grazing, the natural grassland resource has been used to its limit, resulting in a deteriorating ecological environment and a large-scale sandstorm weather. The fundamental way to solve these problems is that establishing a philosophy to rely on the self-rehabilitation capacity of the nature to solve the degradation of grassland ecology, rationally exploring and utilizing water resources, determining the amount of grass based on the amount of water and the amount of livestock based on the amount of grass, determining the favorable development area of irrigated grass and amount of livestock in order to solve the short of forage and fodder in winter.This paper discussed the theory base of water-grass-livestock balance management and study advance on the grassland ecosystem. Based on continuance development, applying the way of ecosystem management, adopting the technology rout of“point”and“area”combined and syestems analysis optimize, aim at establish the water and grassland balance thoery and system coupling mechanism and the mode of entironment stockbreeding, the follow are the main study conclusion and innovation.1. Based on discussed the exploitation concept and study progress about ecology groundwater table and groundwater continuance development, combined with region study results, the threshold of water management and index system frame was put forward. Aim at hungriness grassland to establish the model of ground water table and savageness vegetation growth., the SWAP model was used to simulate the ground water table and savageness vegetation growth and to obtain ecological water requirement.2. According to desert pasture production and development level, two models of feeding in warm season and pen feeding in cold season bout ecological stockbreeding construct of were established. Applying multiple goal Genetic Algorithm and goal programming, the threshold index and technical economical index of balance among water, pasture and livestock management were studied and analyzed base on water conservancy construction in desert pasture typically in district- Maowusu desert E tuo ke front county.3. This paper put forward the task and goal of water conservancy construction and realized regional balance among water, pasture and livestock system;.The multiple objects weight appraisal model was established applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the weight of sub-object was confirmed. The development scale of artificial irrigation meadow and balance among water, pasture and livestock management was analyzed in North-West pasture.The results of study indicated that the area of the areas of planting grass of supplement feeding in cold season and pen feeding in cold season made up 1.58% and 3.0% respectively in all available grassland of desert grassland. From the sustainable use of water resource , the areas of development of planting grass should depend on water resource. Water conservancy of pasturing area involved the study field of water resource, grassplot resource, live-stock, irrigation, planting, forestry and ecological environment, and the threshold index system of balance water-grass-livestock system were studied and determined. The task of water conservancy construction in pasturing area are that the precondition is protect ecological environment and the guide line is continuance using of water resource and grassplot resource, the scientific and logical development scale of artificial irrigation meadow and continuance stock capacity were confirmed, hydraulic engineering was collocated logically, the problems of artificial irrigation meadow and water supply of people and livestock were settled, and the goal is that regional balance among water, pasture and livestock system was realized.更多还原