【作者】 谭柏平；

【导师】 周珂；

【作者基本信息】 中国人民大学 ， 经济法学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 海洋是资源的宝库,是人类赖以生存和发展的自然环境的一个重要的组成部分。依据法律地位的不同,海洋可划分为内水、领海、毗连区、群岛水域、专属经济区、大陆架、公海、国际海底区域、用于国际航行的海峡。本文从地域分布的视角把地球上的自然资源分为两类,即陆地资源与海洋资源。海洋资源是指海洋空间所存在的一切资源,是海洋中各种类型资源的一种总的称呼,属于复合型的资源系统,是一个集合概念。海洋资源具有自然性、稀缺性或有限性、整体性、多用性或多宜性、区域性等特点。海洋资源有多种分类方法。根据赋存的地理位置,海洋资源大体分为两类,即海域资源和海岛资源。内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架赋存的自然资源都归于海域的范畴;海岸带与海洋滩涂资源也大部分归属于海域资源;公海与国际海底区域从广义上讲,也是一种“海域”,依据“公海自由”理论,其资源不属于任何一个主权国家管辖,对该范围海洋资源的开发、利用和保护问题,由《联合国海洋法公约》调整,是本文与国际海洋法交叉研究的部分,不是本文研究的重点。所以,海洋资源在地理位置上主要分布于海域与海岛,本文研究的范围主要就是海域资源与海岛资源的保护问题。但从重要性讲,两者之中更侧重于对海域资源的研究。海域不仅是各种自然资源的载体,而且其本身就是一种资源,是一种与土地资源相对应的自然资源。海岛与海洋互相依存,不可分割,又各有其资源和生态特殊性。海岛资源既不同于陆域资源,也不同于海域资源,兼有陆域资源、海域资源和海陆结合的双重特性。海洋资源保护非常必要性。一方面这是吸取陆地资源已经破坏严重、生态难以恢复的历史教训产生的必然选择。另一方面,海洋资源开发利用的现状使得我们有必要重新审视现行海洋资源保护与管理的制度体系,更加重视海洋资源的保护问题。海洋资源保护法律制度是调整在海洋资源保护过程中所产生社会关系的法律规范组合,是海洋资源合理利用与保护的法律制度化。与海洋资源法律制度密切相关的理论包括物权理论、资源价值理论、生态安全理论、行政权理论等,构建完善的海洋资源保护法律制度系统,必须借助这些理论学说与观点。海洋资源保护法律制度体系是由多项法律制度组成的系统,这些法律制度包括海洋资源权属法律制度、海洋资源安全法律制度、海洋资源可持续利用法律制度和海洋综合管理法律制度。二海洋资源权属制度是关系海洋资源利用与保护的一个关键问题,权属不清、权利人错位是造成海洋资源破坏性开发利用的主要原因。厘清海洋资源权属关系是保护海洋资源、实现海洋资源可持续利用的首要问题。考察海洋资源权属的历史渊源以及相关理论,对揭示海洋资源的权源,理解海洋法律制度的发展进程,进而完善海洋资源保护法律制度大有裨益。海洋资源是一种重要类型的自然资源,了解自然资源权属制度的共性与一般规定,有助于对海洋资源权属制度作进一步探讨。自然资源使用权、准物权与物权三者并非包含关系,自然资源使用权与物权是一种交叉关系,其交叉部分属于用益物权范畴,必须物权化。不能完全用传统私法的物权制度对自然资源权属制度进行理论上的解释。海域物权制度是与自然资源物权制度密切联系的一个概念。海域物权的成立是有条件的,即只是在海域本身作为一种自然资源,作为物权标的物的“物”的情形下,才能成立。而海域如果只是作为其他海洋资源的载体,利用海域的目的在于采掘海域赋存的自然资源,此时对海域的“使用”就不能成立民法上的物权。海洋资源国家所有权包括海域所有权与海岛所有权。海域所有权是海域使用权的“母权”,构建海域使用制度,必须首先明确海域所有权的归属。海域国家所有权是指国家对一定范围内的海域独自享有的占有、使用、收益、处分的权利。对于我国海域资源和海岛资源的权属问题,我国宪法条文中没有做出明确的文字表述,因此,人们的认识较为混乱。从历史与现实的角度分析,海域资源与无居民海岛资源必须归入宪法未予明确的其他自然资源即“等自然资源”之列,归于国家所有。有居民海岛资源是一个复合概念,它们有的属于国家所有,有的属于集体所有。海域使用权是指单位或者个人依法取得对国家所有的特定海域排他性使用权。海域使用权具有派生性、客体特殊性、排他性、支配性、公示性、用益性、有偿性、期限性等法律特征。海域使用权具备用益物权的基本特征,是一种典型的用益物权。我国新颁布的《物权法》对海域使用权的用益物权属性给予了完全肯定,但根据特别法优先适用的原则,海域使用权的具体内容仍然由《海域使用管理法》这一带有较强公法色彩的法律来进行规范。除了海域使用权之外,还有其他一些与海洋资源利用有关的权利类型。这其中既包括使用海域并采掘自然资源的权利类型,如海洋矿业权和海洋渔业权中的捕捞权等;也包括海岛使用权、海岸滩涂以及填海造田的权属问题。其他还包括填海所造之“地”的权属问题、海上建筑权、海底利用权和海洋能利用权、海域使用权中的海域空间多层次利用问题等。海岛权属制度包括海岛所有权制度和海岛使用权制度。海岛使用权实质上是土地使用权的一种特殊类型。海岛使用权分为有居民海岛使用权和无居民海岛使用权,这两者又具有明显区别。海岛使用权证制度包括海岛权属管理制度、海岛权利登记制度和海岛有偿使用制度。海域使用权问题是物权立法需要解决的重大课题。在我国《物权法》颁布之前,学界就《物权法》草案中是否要写入“海域使用权”与“渔业权”以及作如何规定的问题展开了激烈的争论和探讨。新颁布的《物权法》对海域使用权作了原则性规定,并且对探矿权、采矿权、取水权和养殖权、捕捞权作了规定,具有重大意义。三生态安全与资源安全既有区别又有联系。资源安全是生态安全的核心内容,是生态安全不可分割的重要组成部分。从地域上看,资源安全分为陆地资源安全与海洋资源安全。海洋资源安全享有与陆地资源安全同等重要的地位,它既是生态安全的重要组成部分,也是国家安全的重要组成部分。海洋资源安全是与海洋资源保护相辅相成的一对概念。海洋资源保护的理想状态是海洋资源安全;要使海洋资源安全必须使海洋资源得到保护;海洋资源安全制度是构建海洋资源保护法律制度的重要内容。海洋生物资源衰竭、海洋环境污染、海洋生境破坏等现象造成的海洋资源安全问题,引起了人们的普遍关注,海洋资源安全问题也因此进入人们的视野。海洋资源安全是指一个国家或地区持续、稳定、充分并经济地获取海洋资源,同时又使其发展赖以依存的海洋资源基础和海洋生态环境处于良好或不遭受破坏的状态。这种状态不单是供给与需求的均衡,更体现为海洋资源使用的良性循环,海洋资源能够持续、稳定地满足国民经济和社会发展的需要。从地缘政治上看,海洋资源安全问题一直处在一国安全战略的前沿,涉及国家的主权与海洋权益,尤其以国防、外交事务为甚。从性质上来看,海洋资源安全实际上是一种国家经济安全,海洋资源是制约一国或地区经济发展的重要因素。从状态上来看,海洋资源安全是动态的,其中任何一个因素或层次结构的改变都会引起连锁反应。根据不同的标准可把海洋资源安全进行不同的分类。海洋资源安全在国家安全体系中具有十分重要的地位,对世界各国的政治、军事、环境、经济与社会发展发挥着日益重要的作用。对我国海洋资源安全造成危害的主要因素包括海洋资源破坏问题、海洋环境污染问题、外来海洋生物入侵问题、国家之间的海洋权益之争等。为保障我国海洋资源安全,必须完善以下法律制度与措施:海洋功能区划制度、海洋自然保护区制度、海洋特别保护区制度、防治外来海洋生物入侵的法律制度、化解国家之间海洋纷争的方法与制度、海洋灾害预警报制度,以及海洋生态安全评价制度、海洋资源监测制度、海洋排污权交易制度、实行海洋建设项目管理制度和环境影响评价制度等。四研究海洋资源可持续利用制度,要从可持续发展理论入手。海洋资源可持续利用是指可以持续的方式利用海洋资源。一方面,对于可再生海洋资源,可持续利用指的是在保持海洋资源的最佳再生能力前提下的利用。另一方面,对于不可再生海洋资源,可持续利用指的是保存和不以使海洋资源耗尽的方式对其加以利用。对于不可再生海洋资源,既要保证当代人的需求,也要照顾到子孙后代的利益。海洋资源可持续利用具有持续性、适度性、协调性、公平性、效率性、目标性等特点。影响海洋资源可持续利用的基本因素有:资源丰度、环境容量、人口因素、文化理念、经济发展、科技水平等。我国海洋资源可持续利用极具现实意义,选择海洋资源可持续利用之路也是我国社会经济发展的自身需要和必然选择。海洋资源有偿使用制度首先要解决的一个问题是,海洋资源无偿、无价、无度使用是错误的,因此就要论证“海洋资源是有价值的”这个命题。海洋资源的价值问题可以从探讨自然资源价值理论的观点中找到答案。自然资源的劳动价值论、效用价值论、稀缺价值论等理论在一定意义上解释了自然资源的价值问题,但还存在缺陷,上述价值理论应相互借鉴彼此的观点、取长补短,并从自然资源的经济价值、生态价值、社会价值等多方面来揭示自然资源有价值这个命题。海洋资源价值论的重点应该是论证天然赋存的海洋资源也具有价值,即具有存在价值,以及采掘后进入交易市场的海洋资源能体现其自身整体价值,即其价值不被低估,防止价值体现不足。论证自然资源具有价值的方法可以运用在海洋资源上。我们不能孤立地运用传统价值论来说明海洋资源价值,可以综合运用效用价值、劳动价值、稀缺价值的观点,并从经济价值、生态价值、社会价值等多方面来揭示海洋资源的价值。在我国海洋资源的开发利用中,一直延续着无偿使用制度,由此造成的破坏和浪费是普遍的。因此,实行海洋资源的有偿使用制度势在必行。海域有偿使用制度是海域使用方面的基本制度,为目前世界各国的海域使用立法所普遍采用。在如何对待海洋资源的问题上,有开发、利用和保护三种基本的利益要求。我们应摒弃或者谨慎使用海洋资源“开发”的概念,而应使用“利用”、“保护”的概念。海洋资源的“利用”只能诠释为“合理利用”。海洋资源“保护”是国家和社会为确保海洋资源的合理开发和可持续利用而采取的各种行动的总称,海洋资源的“保护为主”,其主要任务就是确保海洋资源能够合理利用,防止海洋资源的破坏和浪费。从此意义上而言,“保护”与“合理利用”并不矛盾,海洋资源“保护”与“合理利用”是同一问题的两个方面。对待海洋资源,其开采利用的时序和布局应该是:优先开采中远海资源;在中远海域,应该优先开发利用有争议海域的资源,然后才是开采我方完全控制海域的资源;对于海岸带及近海资源,当务之急应该以保护为主,合理利用近海可再生资源,限制采掘近海不可再生资源。五海洋管理是一项综合管理,海洋综合管理的核心内容是海洋资源管理,其目的是通过综合管理来保护与合理利用海洋资源,并实现海洋资源的可持续利用。海洋综合管理是由海洋管理逐步发展而来的,是海洋管理演变的基本趋势,是海洋管理的高层次管理形态。海洋综合管理是指以国家的海洋整体利益为目标,通过发展战略、政策、规划、区划、立法、执法等行为,对国家管辖的海域的空间、资源、环境和权益,在统一管理与分部门、分级管理的体制下,实施统筹协调管理,以达到提高海洋资源利用的系统功效,协调发展海洋经济,保护海洋资源与海洋环境和国家海洋权益的目的,实现海洋资源的可持续利用。为适应海洋形势的新发展,许多沿海国家重新审视本国海洋政策,制定新的海洋开发战略,加强海洋综合管理。各国相继建立起海上综合管理机构、部门和有强大、高效、精干的海上执法部队。国外的海洋资源管理体制及其优秀管理经验值得我国借鉴。目前,我国海洋管理体制实行统一管理与分部门和分级管理相结合的海洋管理模式。我国现行的海洋管理模式基本上是根据海洋自然资源属性及其开发产业,按行业部门进行计划管理。我国海洋管理机构涉及海洋行政、环境保护、交通海事、渔政、海关边防、海事法院、军队等许多部门。我国的海上执法管理也同样由多部门承担。由于我国海洋管理牵扯部门多、分工不明确等原因,各自为政、互相推诿等矛盾长期存在,并直接损害了我国海洋资源管理与开发利用的总体效益。因此,我国实行海洋综合管理势在必行。为实现海洋综合管理的总体目标,需要坚持统筹谋划、综合开发、合理利用、区域管理、改进创新、科学决策的原则。我国实施海洋综合管理需要有总体的思路和正确的对策。海上执法是指海洋行政主体按照法定权限和程序对海洋管理相对人采取的直接影响其权利和义务的行为,或对相对人是否正当行使和履行义务的情况进行监督检查的行为。我国海上执法具有合法性、执法主体多元性、公正性、合理性、效率性等特点。海上执法是环境执法的一种特殊类型,是海洋综合管理的重要内容与手段。我国的海上执法范围包含一切管辖海域,管理内容涉及海洋环境保护、海洋资源管理、海域使用、海上交通安全、海洋权益等海洋事务。我国现行的多部门分散海上执法模式积弊日深,已经制约了我国海洋管理质量的进一步提升,如果不及时调整,其负面效应将日趋加重。因此,建立一支现代化、集中统一的海上执法队伍很有必要。六海洋资源保护法律体系是指由相互联系、相互补充、相互制约,旨在调整因利用、保护、改善海洋资源所发生的社会关系的法律、法规、规章和其他具有法律约束力的规范性文件所组成的系统。我国迄今已颁行了一系列有关海洋资源保护与海洋管理方面的法律法规,初步构成了我国海洋资源保护法律体系。本文从立法的视角,认为我国海洋资源保护法律体系应该由以下几部分构成:宪法;法律;行政法规和其他规范性文件;地方性法规、政府规章和其他规范性文件;国际条例。以上这些由不同国家机关制定的、具有不同法律地位和效力的规范性法律文件,构成了我国海洋资源保护规范性法律文件系统,也是我国现阶段海洋资源保护法律渊源的主体。我国与海洋资源保护直接相关的主要法律法规是《海洋环境保护法》、《海域使用管理法》、《无居民海岛保护与利用管理规定》、《海域使用权管理规定》、《海域使用权登记办法》。我国海洋资源法律体系仍然存在许多缺陷,如我国海洋立法“重污染防治,轻资源保护”,“重海洋资源的开发利用,而轻海洋资源的保护或养护”;各单行海洋资源法律法规之间协调性差;海洋资源法律体系中仍存在许多法律空白。海洋资源法律体系的健全和完善是海洋资源保护的迫切需要,完善的海洋资源法律体系能够保证依法“管海”和依法“用海”,杜绝海洋资源开发活动中“无偿、无序、无度”现象,使之合理有序进行,从而保证海洋资源的合理利用与可持续利用,使海洋经济能够持续健康发展。所以,海洋资源法律体系的健全和完善应该围绕海洋资源保护与可持续利用这一目标进行。当前,海洋资源法律体系完善的重点是,有关国家海洋权益维护、海域使用管理与物权、海岛资源利用与保护、海岸带管理、海洋生态安全保障、外来海洋生物入侵防治与管理、海洋生物多样性保护、海洋自然保护区等方面法律法规的建立与健全。更多还原

【Abstract】 ISea is a storehouse of resources and also an indispensable part of natural environment. According to the difference of legal status, sea can be divided into inter waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, archipelagic water, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, high seas, international seabed and international straits. On the view of geographic distribution, the paper divides natural resources of earth into land resources and marine resources. Marine resources include all resources existing in the sea and belong to composite resources system. The term is a collective concept. Marine resources are characteristic of nature, scarcity or limitation, integrity, multi-purposes or multi-adoptability and rationality. Marine resources can be divided in different ways.In light of geographical position of storage, marine resources generally include two types, sea water resources and sea island resources. Natural resources storing in inter waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf are sea water resources. Coastal line and offshore resources also mostly belong to sea water resources. And in general, high seas and international seabed are“sea waters”and resources storing in them should not be ruled by any sovereign state in term of“freedom of high seas”principle. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea regularizes the exploitation, usage and protection of resources in these areas. This issue is intersection of research in the paper and international law of sea and not the focus of author. So the study scope of the paper is the protection of sea waters and sea island resources in view of marine resources mainly distributing in sea waters and Sea Islands geographically. But considering the importance, the paper emphasizes on study on sea water resources. The sea waters are not only the carriers of natural resources, but also the resources per se, related to land resources. Islands and sea are interdependent and indivisible, but have resources and ecological particularity respectively. Island resources are different from land resources, either sea water resources, and possess the two and have characteristics of land and sea integration.It is very necessary to protect marine resources. For one thing, it is an inevitable choice deriving from the historical lessons of resources having been severely destroyed and ecological environment hardly recovered. For another, the current situation of marine resources explosion makes it a need to reassess current protection and management system of marine resources and attach importance to the protection of marine resources.The legal system of marine resources protection is a combination of legal regulations that rule social relationships generating from the course of marine resources protection. It systematizes the regulations on reasonable explosion and protection of marine resources. Theories closely related to legal system of marine resources include real right theory; resources value theory, ecological security theory, administrative power theory, etc. The formation of a perfect legal system of marine resources protection must be aided by these theories and viewpoints. A legal system of marine resources protection is made up of some legal systems which include marine resources property right, marine resources security, sustainable use of marine resources and integrated marine management.IIThe legal system of marine resources property right is the crucial issue connected with marine resources use and protection. Unclear property right and dislocated right owner primarily give rise to destructive explosion and use of marine resources. Making clear property right of marine resources is a major issue for protecting and sustainable using of marine resources. Understanding historical sources and related theories of property right of marine resources is very helpful for expounding right sources of marine resources, understanding development stages of a marine legal system and then improving the legal system of marine resources protection.Marine resources are among important natural resources. Knowing about commonness and general provisions of legal system of property right of natural resources will help us further discuss property right of marine resources. Use right of natural resources, real right and quasi real right are not of inter-containing relations. Use right and real right are of crossing relations. The cross section is part of usufruct right and must be real-rightized. Traditional private law’s legal system of real right can not theoretically explain legal system of property right of natural resources. The legal system of real right of sea waters is tightly related to that of natural resources. Real right of sea waters establishes only when sea waters are regarded as natural resources themselves and as objects of real right. If sea waters are regarded as a carrier of other marine resources and usage of sea waters is to excavate nature resources storing there, the use of sea waters doesn’t establish real right of civil law.National ownership of marine resources includes ownership of sea waters and ownership of sea islands. Ownership of sea waters is a mother right of use right of sea waters. Making clear the ownership of sea waters is the first step to creating a legal system of use of sea waters. It is an exclusive right enjoyed by the nation to occupy, use, harvest and dispose sea waters of certain range. Acknowledgment on property right of sea waters and sea islands are ambiguous because there are no explicit literal expressions in our constitutional statutes. To analyze from history and reality, sea waters resources and non-resident islands resources must be classified among“other nature resources”, which is not defined in constitutional law but owned by the state. Resident islands resources are multiple. Some of them are owned by the state, some of them are owned by the collectives.The use right of sea waters refers to the exclusive right of user of certain sea waters lawfully acquired by the companies or individuals. It is of derivativeness, object particularity, exclusiveness, domination, public notification, usufruct, reparability and time limit. The right of sea water possesses the basic characters of usufruct rights, and it is a typical type of usufruct right. The newly enacted Real Law has fully supported the nature of use right of sea waters. Nevertheless, according to the preference application principle of special law, the concrete content of this right should still be regulated by the Management Law of Sea Waters, which is more of a public law.Except for the use right of sea waters, there are still other types of rights concerning marine resources utilization, including the rights of using the sea waters and exploiting natural resources, e.g., marine mining right and fishery right, the right of using the islands, and the ownership of sea shores, etc. Other rights include the ownership of the“land”that is filled on the seas, the buildings constructed on seas, the use right of seabed, the use right of marine energy, the multi-level utilization in the right of sea waters, etc.The island ownership system covers the ownership and the use right of islands. The latter is indeed a particular type of use right of land which is divided into right of depopulated islands and right of populated islands. These two are distinctly different. The registry system of the use right of island includes the managerial system of island ownership, the registration system of island right, the repayable utilization system of islands.The use right of sea waters is an important issue needed to be solved in legislation of real right. Before China’s Real Law was enacted, there had been enthusiastic debates and discussions in the academic field on whether the use right of sea waters should be defined in the Draft Real Law and how to make rules on the right of fishery. The newly enacted Real Law make provision in principle on sea waters, and make provision on right of mine-detecting, mine-digging, right of water-taking and right of fishing, which is of great significance.IIIEcological security and natural resources security are both distinguishable and connected. Natural resources security is the central and non-separable part of ecological security. Geographically speaking, natural resources security is divided into land resources security and marine resources security. Marine resources security shares the same level of importance with land resources security. It is an important part of ecological security as well as nation security. Marine resources security and marine resources protection are two concepts that complement each other. The ideal status of marine resources protection is marine resources security. The marine resources could be secured only when they are efficiently protected. The marine resources security system constitutes an importance element in constructing the legal system of marine resources protection.The marine resources security problems caused by exhaustion, pollution and destruction of the marine resources have attracted popular attention. The marine resources security means a status when a nation or a region could sustainably, stably, sufficiently and economically obtain the marine resources and could keep the resources free from irrevocable destruction. This status is not merely a balance between supply and demand; it is also a favorable and recyclable use of marine resources so that the resources could constantly and stably meet the needs of national economy and social development.Geopolitically speaking, marine resources security has been in the frontier of security strategy of one nation, as it involves national sovereignty marine rights when referring to nation defense and diplomatic affairs. In the nature, marine resources security indeed is a sort of national economy security. Marine resources are a key element that confines economy development of a nation or a region. In a philosophical status, marine resources security is dynamic. The change of any element or level could result in the chain reaction. Marine resources security could be categorized in different ways. Marine resources security occupies a tremendous importance position in the national security system. It plays an increasing role in the development of politics, environment, economy and society.The main elements that damage marine resources security of our nation cover the destruction and pollution of marine resources, the invasion of the exotic halo bios, the strikes for the marine rights among nations, etc. We must perfect the following legal systems to protect the marine resources security of our nation: the system of dividing the marine function zones, the system of marine nature reserve, the system of prevention of exotic halo bios, the solution and system of reconciliation of marine dissensions among nations, the alarm system of marine disasters, the evaluation system of marine biography security, the inspection system of marine resources, the dealing system of pollution-eliminating system, the administration system of marine construction projects, the evaluation system of environmental affections, etc.IVTo study sustainable use of marine resources, we should start from the theory of sustainable development. The sustainable use of marine resources means the marine resources could be used in a sustainable way. On one hand, for renewable marine resources, sustainable use refers to the use of marine resources in the precondition that it keeps the best ability to recycle. On the other hand, for nonrenewable resources, sustainable use refers to the preservation of marine resources and the way of using them without exhausting the resources. As for nonrenewable marine resources, we must preserve it for the interest of our descendants when we want it to meet the need of the contemporary generation.Sustainable use of marine resources is of sustainability, moderation, fairness, effectiveness, strategy, etc. The basic elements that could influence sustainable use of marine resource include the richness of resources, the capacity of environment, population, culture, economical development and the levels of science and technology. Sustainable use of marine resources is of realistic significance in China, and it is in accordance with our social and economic development.To establish the system of sustainable use of marine resources, we must prove that free and unstrained use of them is wrong. Thus we must demonstrate the thesis“marine resources are valuable”. The answer could be found from exploiting the theory of natural resources value. The labor value theory, the utility value theory and the scarcity value theory on natural resources could be used to explain the value of natural resources to some extent. But there are still deficiencies. The theory of natural resources value could be revealed when the above-mentioned theories could be used complementarily with the considering of economic, ecological and social value of natural resources.The focus of the theory of marine resources value should be on the demonstration of the value of marine resources that naturally exist. It must be proved that marine resources have its existence value, and that they could demonstrate their value as a unity without being devaluated when they enter the market after they are exploited. The method that proves natural resources having their value could be also used to prove that of marine resources. And we can’t simply use traditional value theory to demonstrate the value of marine resources which means that theories of the utility value, labor value and scarcity value could be comprehensively used. The value of marine resources can also be explored from the aspects of economic value, ecological value and social value.China’s free use system has been sustained in the exploitation of marine resources. The damage and waste made by this was widespread. It is imperative to practice a system of use of resources with compensation. This has been applied in the legislations of most nations in sea water utilization.There exist three basic interest requirements for marine resources: exploiting, utilizing and protecting. The concept of“exploiting”should be abandoned or conservatively used. The concepts of“utilizing”and“protecting”, on the contrary, should be promoted. When explaining the concept of“utilizing”marine resources, the best answer is to“reasonably use”. The“protecting”of marine resources is the general concept when human society undertakes to ensure reasonable exploitation and sustainable use of marine resources. The main task of“protecting”marine resources is to ensure the resources could be reasonably used and is to prevent it from being destroyed or wasted. In this sense,“protection”and“reasonable use”are not in conflict with each other. They are the two sides of one coin.The strategy of exploiting marine resources could be as follows: resources in the medium and long term can be exploited firstly; and in medium and long term the resources in the controversial sea waters should be exploited firstly; and then the exploitation actions could be taken in the sea waters which are wholly controlled by our nation. It is imperative to protect resources in the coastal zones and off shores. The renewable resources off shores should be reasonably used; the exploiting of the nonrenewable resources off shores should be restrained.VMarine management is a comprehensive concept, and the core content is marine resources management, whose aim is to protect and reasonably and sustainably use marine resources.The comprehensive marine management has been gradually developed from marine management, and is the basic tendency of the evolution of marine management. Comprehensive marine management could be seen as an advanced modality of marine management. The comprehensive marine management could be defined as the comprehensive collaboration and management of the space, resources and interest of the sea waters within the sovereignty of one nation. Aiming at the realization of the comprehensive interest of sea waters of a nation, sea waters should be managed through certain strategies, policies, programs, area-division, legislations and justice. This comprehensive management shall be undertaken in the system of the combination of unified management and the management by separate governmental departments at different levels. The final goals are to advance systematic efficacy of the use of marine resources, to collaborate the development of marine economy and to protect marine resources and the environment.Many coastal states have reevaluated their marine policies and have set up new marine developing strategies so as to strengthen comprehensive marine management. They have established comprehensive marine management organs and departments as well as powerful, effective and energetic judicial teams. These systems and the superior management experiences deserve our attention to learn.Currently China carries out a marine management mode of a combination of unified management and the management by separate governmental departments at different levels. This mode is an extension of the powers of the inland resources exploitation management organs. Different governmental departments have exploited and planned marine resources in accordance with their own interests. China’s marine managerial organs involve departments of marine administration, environmental protection, marine transportation, fishery administration, customs and frontier defense, marine courts, navy, etc. And the marine judicial administration is executed by many governmental departments. These different organs involved in these managerial affairs result in ambiguity of administrative responsibilities. The long existence of buck-passing among these organs has directly harmed our general efficacy of the management and exploitation of our marine resources. Carrying out comprehensive marine management is inevitable.To realize the general goals of comprehensive marine management, we should adhere to the principles of planning as a whole, comprehensive exploitation, reasonable use, assigning managerial responsibilities into designated areas, reforming and innovating, making decisions in line with scientific theories. China’s undertaking comprehensive marine resources needs general orientations and right strategy.Marine justice refers to the actions taken by administrative organs in accordance with legal authority and processes against the administrative counterparts, which shall directly affect the rights and obligations of the counterparts, or actions to inspect the counterparts on whether they have properly exercised their power or redeem their obligations. China’s marine justice is characterized of validity, multi-administrative organs, reasonability and efficiency. Marine justice, as the special type of environmental justice, is an important content and means of comprehensive marine management. China’s marine justice covers all sea waters within sovereignty, with its content involving marine environmental protection, marine resources management, sea area utilization, marine transport security and marine power. Increasing deep-rooted deficiencies in enforcing-laws by multi-organs in China have been accumulative for long time and have restrained further advancement of marine managerial quality. Such negative effect shall go severer day by day if not adjusted in time. Thus, it is of utmost necessity to build a modernized, unified, and centralized marine judicial team.VIThe legal system of marine resources protection refers to the system that is constituted by the connected, complementary and balanced laws, regulations, rules and other regulatory rules that aim at regulating social relationships that are formed when use, protect and perfect the marine resources. China has enacted a series of laws and regulations on marine resources protection and administration and has basically established the legal system of marine resources protection. Seeing from the legislative perspective, this paper holds the opinion that the system should be constituted by the following parts: constitution, laws, administrative regulation and other regulatory rules, local laws and regulations, governmental rules and other regulatory rules, international practice, etc. These regulatory rules with different legal status and effects constitute systematic instruments of the legal system of China’s marine resources protection, and they are currently the main parts of the legal sources of marine resources protection system.The main laws and regulations that are directly connected with marine resources protection in China are Marine Environment Protection Law, Sea Waters Utilization Management Law, Rules on the Management of Protection and Utilization of Depopulated Islands, Rules on the Usufruct of Sea waters, and rules on the Registration of usufruct of Sea waters. There are numerous deficiencies in the system of China’s marine resources protection. For instance, China’s marine legislation“attaches importance to pollution prevention and cure, but ignores the resources protection”, attaches importance to the exploitation and utilization, but ignores the protection or preservation of the resources”. Separate laws and regulations on marine resources don’t collaborate well with each other; there are still many legislative blanks, etc.The marine resources protection presses for the overall establishment and perfection of marine resources. Perfected legal system of marine resources could ensure the“managing seas”and“using seas”according to laws, so as to prevent“free, disordered and unstrained”exploitation of marine resources and to make the process in order. Thus, the overall establishment and perfection of the marine resources system should be based on protection and sustainable use of marine resources. Currently the emphasis is on the establishment and perfection of the laws and regulations on preservation of marine rights, management of using sea waters and their ownership, utilization and protection of island resources, management of coastal zones, the preservation of marine ecological security, prevention and management of the invasion of exterior halo bios, protection of the diversity of halo bios, and the marine natural preservation zones.更多还原