人权观差异与中欧关系

【作者】 张弛；

【导师】 叶自成；

【作者基本信息】 北京大学 ， 外交学， 2008， 博士

【摘要】 人权是中国与欧盟关系中最活跃的观念性因素之一,体现在双方几乎所有重大分歧上。对中欧关系中的人权问题进行研究具有重要意义。本文以建构主义范式研究人权观差异对中欧关系的影响。本文认为,个体文化形成了国际关系行为体的偏好,对双方的身份进行了第一次界定;在体系层次上,双边互动使行为体与体系发生了复杂的关系,双方偏好相契合即形成共有知识也即集体身份,偏好不同则形成自有知识。这些知识构成了双边关系中的国际文化,并作为体系文化的一个重要组成部分,对双方的偏好进行了第二次赋值,形成双方的身份,最终构成了完整意义上的利益。因此,本文提出了从个体文化和体系文化两个层次,由内向外研究中欧关系的理论框架。根据这一框架,本文首先对中欧个体文化中人权观的差异进行了深入剖析,研究了中欧人权观的主要内容和特点,及其所形成的双方的偏好,总结了双方在集体主义与个人主义、普世主义与相对主义、权利与义务的关系、人权至上与主权至上、制度关怀与道德关怀等五大方面的差异。随后,本文采用比较分析、个案分析、文献分析、博弈论等传统主义方法,从体系层次上对中欧双方在个人权利、集体人权、全球人权三类人权问题上的互动进行研究,分析了双方在每一类人权问题上的自有知识、共有知识及认同度。本文的结论是,人权观认同度对中欧关系具有重要影响,认同度的高低与中欧关系的合作与冲突存在正相关关系。在个人权利问题上,中欧人权观的自有知识大于共有知识,认同度较低,因而中欧关系呈现冲突大于合作的现象。在集体人权问题上,中欧人权观既有共有知识也有自有知识,认同度适中,因而双方关系呈现整体合作,局部分歧的形态。在全球人权问题上,中欧人权观的共有知识远大于自有知识,且共有知识是积极的,对于双边关系发展发挥了推动作用,双方关系呈现良好的合作态势。本文最后指出,人权观念的异同以及中欧在个人权利、集体人权和全球人权诸多问题上的知识与认同度是关系到中欧关系长期健康稳定发展的不容忽视的因素。一方面,巨大的观念差异使双方一些分歧长期存在,并在一定程度上制约双方关系的进一步深化。但另一方面,经济全球化和世界多极化进程也为中国与欧盟在共同观念下的协调与合作提供了新的机遇和广阔空间。双方应继续夯实积极共有知识基础,建构共同利益,提高身份认同,扩大互利合作,不断巩固和深化全面战略伙伴关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Human rights are one of the most active conceptual elements in the relations between China and the EU, which could be reflected in almost all important disputes between the two. To study the issue of human rights in China-EU relations therefore is of great significance.Taking a constructivist paradigm, this paper studies the influence of the difference of human right concept in China-EU relations. The author argues that the individual culture of an agent in international relations causes preferences of the agent, and hence primitively defines the agent’s identity. On the system level, bilateral interactions cause the complex relations between agents and the system. If the preferences of the two agents match, shared knowledge and later collective identity come into being. If not, self knowledge remains. All this knowledge constitutes the international culture of the bilateral relations, which forms an inseparable part of the system culture. This serves to define the preferences of the agents for a second time, forms their respective identities, and finally constitutes“interests”in all senses of the word. The author therefore proposes a theoretical framework to study China-EU relations starting from the individual culture and ending with the system culture. In this framework, the author analyzes the difference of human right concept between China and the EU and the preferences caused by the difference. The difference is analyzed in 5 aspects: individualism and collectivism; universalism and relativism; rights and responsibilities; human rights and sovereignty; regime concern and morality concern.The author applies traditional methodologies such as comparative study, case study, documentary analysis and game theory, to study on the system level China-EU interactions on issues of individual human rights, collective human rights and global human rights. Self knowledge, shared knowledge and degree of identity on each of these categories are analyzed.The conclusion is that the degree of identity of human right concepts has great influence on China-EU relations, and that the degree of identity and the cooperation and conflicts between China and the EU have positive correlations. On issues about individual human rights between China and the EU, self knowledge is stronger than shared knowledge, resulting in a low degree of identity. The cooperation between China and the EU therefore appears far less perceivable than conflicts. On issues about collective human rights, both self knowledge and shared knowledge exist resulting in a medium degree of identity. China-EU relations on these issues appear as cooperation along with some disputes. On global human right issues, the shared knowledge of human right concept of China and the EU, which is positive rather than negative, is far stronger than the self knowledge. This contributes to cooperation between China and the EU and the development of the bilateral relations.The author finally points out that the difference of human right concept between China and the EU as well as the knowledge and the degree of identity on issues about individual rights, collective rights and global rights constitutes an element that cannot be ignored for the healthy and stable development of China-EU relations. On the one hand the great conceptual difference between China and the EU results in the long term existence of arguments between them. On the other, the process of economic globalization and political polarization provides new opportunities and space for coordination and cooperation between China and the EU based on their common understanding. They should continue to accumulate positive shared knowledge, construct shared interests, improve the degree of identity and promote cooperation in order to continuously strengthen and deepen the comprehensive strategic partnership between China and the EU.更多还原