市场化进程中农民职业分化及市民化研究

【作者】 葛晓巍；

【导师】 林坚；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 农民市民化的过程一般要经过三个阶段的演变：首先是农村劳动力的非农化，由此逐步形成了日益细化和清晰的社会分工和职业分化，产生了新的农民和农村阶层；其次是实现向城镇的流动，寻找合适的发展机会；最终是落户城镇，实现人口迁移和市民化。当前我国经济发达地区的农村较多的劳动力走过了第一步，少数地区走过了第二步，对于第三步，因我国特有的土地制度和户籍制度的限制，往往难以完成，只有极少数融入城市生活主流，实现了真正的市民化，即放弃土地承包权，落户城镇。农民的市民化是一个不断“试错”的过程，在这个过程中，有人成功，有人失败，那么，其内在的原因是什么?虽然在理论上，发展经济学对传统社会向现代社会转型过程中的劳动力转移和乡城人口迁移问题的研究做出了巨大贡献。但是，我国的具体状况与发展经济学经典理论背景有着重大的区别，国内学者对我国农村劳动力转移、农民阶层分化和农民市民化有极为丰富和深入的研究。不过将农民市民化这一整体进程作为研究对象的研究较少。因此，本文将针对这一过程中的不同群体进行分析，从职业分化的角度，尝试着回答上述问题，并期望能够探索一条适应中国国情的劳动力转移道路。本文的研究主要分为四部分：第一部分是文献综述，包括第二章。这一部分首先回顾了经典的劳动力流动理论和社会分层理论，然后从五个方面叙述了中外学者对我国劳动力流动和社会分化相关问题的研究。通过文献综述，我们发现，我国的劳动力流动依然处于钟摆式的流动；从影响其流动的因素看，主要集中于微观个体的因素，但针对不同的流动主体，所得的结论又不一致。从研究的内容看，现有经济学领域的研究主要集中探讨如何配置劳动力资源，而停留在农民在农业与非农职业之间的转移方面，而在社会学领域，则主要集中在农民的分化和在城市从事非农职业农民的生活状况方面，将农民流动作为一个整体的研究还较少见。第二部分，是对农民职业流动的一个整体概述，为文中的第三章。在这一部分，首先探讨了农民的初职、现职和未来职业的选择情况，考察了农民职业的流向和对农民从事职业结构的影响。同时对农民在职业流动过程中的转换工作次数、从事工作的时间进行了研究。结果表明：农民首先进入农民工和雇工行列，经历了一个过渡期后选择第二个非农工作趋于稳定并且此工作的职业声望也较高。这个过程中，农民工和雇工是农民向高声望职业转移的中转站。总的来看，职业的流动使得农民从事非农职业的结构向合理的“橄榄型”发展。第三部分，针对农民选择非农职业的情况、选择非农职业农民的进一步分化意愿以及已经定居城镇农民的决策这三个阶段的样本的特征、农民进行决策的原因(包括：选择非农职业、回流、在城镇定居)、影响各阶段决策的因素进行了分析。这一部分包括文章中的第四章、第五章和第六章。第四章，研究了农民脱离土地后的非农职业选择的相关内容。分析结果表明，户籍制度是影响农民从事非农职业的主要因素。户籍制度松动前后，农民从事职业的结构、选择非农职业的渠道均有不同。增加收入并涉及到赚钱娶妻和为以后发展积累资金等是农民外出从事非农职业的主要目的。阻碍农民从事非农职业的原因主要为自身的家庭状况，父母和孩子需要照顾在所有因素中最为突出，而城里人歧视外来人并不能阻碍农民外出从事非农职业。第五章对部分人员的回流状况和没有回流的人员是否想在城镇定居的意愿进行了分析。结果表明：回流后选择的职业与回流前从事的职业有显著的相关关系，但回乡投资并不是回流的主体。重新选择经营农业的原因和一直从事农业生产的原因相类似，父母和孩子需要照顾的原因表现较为突出。对定居意愿有显著影响的变量有地区、是否有入伍经历、家庭类型和受教育的年限及年龄。较高年龄段的人员，表现出了强烈的在城镇定居的愿望。这是因为，年龄较长者已经有了一定的财富和经验的积累，也具备了在城镇定居条件。第六章，对从事非农职业农民定居城镇的决策进行了讨论。在城镇定居的样本的特征表明，定居者年龄较大，并有一定的资本和社会关系积累，他们的文化水平较高。在对定居影响的因素中，性别、文化水平、在回流前的婚姻状况、社会关系、职业经历和户口等因素的影响表现显著。对于职业经历来说，从事职业为农民工、个体工商劳动者农村管理者和私营企业主在城镇定居的概率较高。从定居城镇样本从事的职业来看，有约1／3的样本都有私营企业。因此，收入高已经不是从事非农职业的农业定居城镇的主要原因，相对应地追求生活上的高标准和获得教育机会，才是从事非农职业农民定居城镇的目标。本章最后还对定居城镇农民的社会融入问题做了简单的分析。第四部分，是本文的结论和政策含义，为第7章，主要是对本文的研究结论进行总结，指出结论的政策含义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Urbanization process of the farmer need three stages generally, that is : the first step ,The rural labor force turn to non-farmer and then with the Occupational stratification and dividing the work of society, they become a new estate . The second step is to migrate to urban and looking for the appropriate development opportunity. The third is to settle in urban, and then the migration process and urbanization are finish. Current status of our country is: lots of farmers in developed area of our country accomplished the first step, some accomplished the second step and to the third step , it is very difficult to be accomplished in special land system and household register systems of our country , so fewer can accomplish the third step that means they abandon the right of managing the land and settled in urban and then have the harmonious life like the citizen .The urbanization is a process of explore which was carried out by farmer . In this process, someone succeed and someone failed. Well then, what is the internality reason? If the analysis to this problem was neglect, we cannot give out the clear answer to the urbanization of our country.Although, the theory of the development economics make huge contribution in our study of the moving of surplus labor force and migration between the rural and urban. But there is great differentiation between the background of development economics classic theories and the concrete status of our country. Though local scholar’s thorough research had abundant fruit, which was made on rural surplus labor force migration in our country and farmer stratification and urbanization, the research which regard the hole process of urbanization as the study object was less. Therefore, based on the occupation stratification, this paper will analysis the farmer in different step in this process and we expect to investigate a way of labor force migration which adapts the our country’s status.This research is divided into four parts mainly : the first part (including chapter two) is the literature review. Firstly, this part looks back the classic theories of labor force migration and social stratification, then we describes the researches of labor force migration and social stratification made by the Chinese and Foreign scholar from six aspect. With the review, we know that the surplus labor force move still between the rural and urban like a pendulum. The factors which affect their move concentrate on the individual factor mainly, but to different groups the conclusion is different. Different academic domain have the different research contents: economist emphasized how to distribute the labor force resources availably, so that the study concentrate on the move from farmer to non-farmer. Moreover, the sociologist emphasized the farmer stratification and the living condition of farmer who engaged the non-farm job in urban. There are less literature to take the whole process of migrating as the study content. The second part (chapter 3) is the whole describe to the occupation migration of farmer. At this part, this paper firstly analyzes the changes in farmers’ earliest jobs, present jobs and future career expectations, especially their non-farming transforming process and tendency. The influence to the structure of the occupation engaged by farmer is analysis also. The results indicate that: the first job the farmer took are migrant worker and hire labor. A lot of farmers have changed their occupation to the higher prestige occupation and being stabile from their earliest ones after a familiar period. In this process, the migrant workers and the hire labor are a link between the low-tier occupation and high-tier occupation. In the process of transformation from earliest jobs to present jobs, lots of farmers changed their occupation. But only a fewof them have achieved their career expectations. Therefore, the non-farming transforming process will slow down in the future. Taking one with another, the occupation migration make the occupation structure been more reasonable.In the third part, the main content are : we describe the character of the farmer in different step , the reason to make their decision (include :select non-farm occupation , return to rural and settle in urban), the factor which influence the decision in the three phase that are the select the non-farmer occupation , the advance willingness of they stratifying and settling in urban. This part include chapter 4, chapter 5 and chapter 6.In chapter 4, the process and the related contents of farmer selecting the non-farmer occupation after they extricating from the land are analyzed. The conclusion indicate that "hukou" is the main factor which influence farmer select the non-farmer career. Before and after the household register system becoming flexible, the non-farmer occupation structure and the way they find non-farmer changed. Notonly increase the income but also save money to wive and to accumulate the fund forthe later development are the main reason of farmer to finding a non-farm job .The central factors which block the farmer to finding non-farm job are their family status, and in those factors, the most important is that their parent and children need to be care. Whereas, the citizen’s discrimination can’t become the factor which block the fanner to find non-farmer job.The further willingness of stratification of farmer who engage the non-farmer job is studied in chapter 5. We analyzed some farmer’s decision who returned to rural or settled in urban. The conclusion are : The reason of return to rural and being a farmer again is similar with the reason of being fanner all along and parent and children needing to be care is the most important . The occupation that the return farmer engage is remarkable related with the career before they come back. Lots of them is not investor but the farmer. The conclusion to the analysis of the willingness that whether they settled in urban or not are: some of variable such as region, whether or not join the army, the kind of family, literature and age affect the settlement willingness mostly. The elder farmer who have non-farmer job present the strong willing to settle in urban. Because the elder people have accumulated more wealth and experience that are the qualification to settle in urban.In chapter 6, we discuss the decision of the farmer who have the non-farm job to settle in urban. The character of those farmer are: they are elder and have accumulated some money and some social relation and their literacy are higher. The notable factor which affect their settlement decision are sex, literacy, the marriage status, the social relation and hukou. The career they engaged before they settled in urban, also affect their settlement decision notably. Migration workers, self-employed workers, manager of village, owner of enterprise have the higher probability of settling in urban. From the occupation they engaged, we can see that nearly 1/3 is owner of enterprise, so we deduce that increasing the income is not their purpose to settle in urban but to pursue the higher standard of living and get the better educated chance. At the end of this chapter, how to live in harmony with the citizen is analyzed simply.The forth part, include the chapter 7, is the part of conclusion and suggestion of this paper. After summarizing all content of this paper, some suggestion are put forward.更多还原